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유영옥 부산경남사학회 2019 역사와 경계 Vol.110 No.-
Haesa Lee Gan, of the Seongsan Gwangpyeong Lee family clan, was a military official who was credited for resistance activities against invaders or rebels during the reign of King Seonjo. Best representing those activities are fighting as a patriotic militant during the Imjinwaeran War, participation in cracking down on Lee Mong-hak’s rebellion in 1596 and winning battles against northern barbarians in 1600. Of these activities, seemingly, the most loyal and brave was his winning a fight against northern barbarians or jeokho that invaded the jurisdiction that he was taking control of as the chief of Buryeong, Hamgyeong province in 1600. At the time, he was wounded a lot and lost many of his subordinates, but fought hard and eventually expelled the invaders. No certain records have been found about how Haesa fought as a patriotic militant during the Imjinwaeran War. He participated in cracking down on Lee Mong-hak’s uprising, but didn’t make direct engagements with the rebels. But there are certainly historic records evidencing the fact that he defeated barbarians that intruded through the northern borders of this country, which was considered so dramatic and became a legend that handed down in the region of Buyreong from generation to generation. Thus, Haesa’s triumph against the northern barbarians was an accomplishment where he shined his brightest among the resistance activities. 星山廣平李氏 海槎 李侃(1535~1612)은 임란 초기부터 倡義하여 宣武원종공신 1등에 녹훈되었고, 또 1596년 충청도에서 발발한 李夢鶴의 난을 진압하는 데도 참여하여 淸難원종공신 1등에 책봉되었다. 해사의 官歷은 임란 도중 충청어사의 中軍이 되면서부터 시작되어, 1612년 경상좌병사에 올라 그해 병영에서 卒할 때까지 계속되는데, 약 20년의 관직생활 동안 탄핵받고 파직되는 굴곡도 겪었지만, 외적을 방어하는 능력만큼은 높이 평가되었다고 할 수 있다. 해사의 抗賊 활동은 크게 임란 발발 이후의 抗倭활동, 이몽학의 난을 진압한 討賊활동, 북방의 賊胡를 격퇴한 退賊활동으로 구분되는데, 그 중 해사의 忠義와 武勇이 가장 잘 드러난 순간은 1600년 함경도 부령부사로서 관할 구역을 침략한 賊胡를 격퇴한 전투였다. 이 싸움에서 해사는 10여 군데 상처를 입고 휘하 장수들도 다수 전사했지만, 물러서지 않고 힘껏 싸워 결국 적호를 패주시켰다. 해사의 임란 의병활동은 그 구체적 활약상을 알기 어렵고, 이몽학의 난을 토벌할 때는 반란군과 직접 교전하지 못했다. 하지만 북쪽 변경을 쳐들어온 적호를 퇴치한 사실은 史冊에 엄연할 뿐 아니라 매우 극적이어서, 최소한 부령 지역에서는 전설이 되어 오래도록 전승되었다. 따라서 특히 북방 오랑캐를 물리친 일은 해사의 抗賊 활동 중 가장 현저한 업적이라고 할 만하다.
유영옥 한국언어연구학회 2019 언어학연구 Vol.24 No.1
The purpose of this study is to propose that English non-finite clauses including ECM and small clauses(henceforth, SC) have a parallel internal structure with the verbal predication mediated by the copular BE. To support the idea, the English copular verb BE is classified as auxiliary and lexical verbs depending on its syntactic, semantic, and phonetic features, and then the lexical BE is sub-classified into the following two types: be-① and be-②. This paper argues that be-②’s semantic and phonetic features are lost in the process of Grammaticalization with only functional ones left. To consolidate the argument, some empirical evidences are presented from French and Nigerian Edo languages. In the Edo language especially, overt copular particles, whose morphology is totally distinct from its auxiliary BE, must exist in front of the predicate AP or NP whether it is placed in the main or embedded clauses. Based on these specimens, this paper contends that, instead of the functional category, the phonetically null functional element be-② mediates the predication and agreement between English SC subjects and predicates. Therefore, describing the SC complements and ECM as an identical TP structure seems worth pursing in that various English clausal structures can be explained uniformly by the head of T.