산수과 학습평가에 대한 고찰

김한배 한국수학교육학회 1963 수학교육 Vol.1 No.2

동양그림의 경관관이 작정원리에 미친 영향 - 중국화론과 원림론의 관계를 중심으로 -

김한배,Kim, Han-Bai 한국조경학회 2010 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.37 No.6

근대이전 동아시아의 상류사회는 시서화 삼위일체의 통합체제를 유지해왔고 이에 따라 정원조성의 원리 또한 산수화의 작화원리를 참조하며 발전해 왔다. 본 연구는 중국의 산수화론과 원림론을 비교, 양자 간의 상호관계를 검토함으로써 동양그림의 경관관이 원림의 작정원리에 미친 영향을 고찰하고자 하였다. 양자 간의 비교는 내용과 형식의 양 측면에서 이루어졌다. 여기서 내용은 주로 가치와 의미 등 비가시적 측면을 말하고, 형식은 주로 시각과 공간 등 가시적 측면을 말한다. 먼저 산수화론에 있어 내용면의 주요 주제는 무엇보다도 '기운생동(氣韻生動)'이었다. 이는 음양사상을 기반으로한 동양문화 고유의 가치인데, 남조의 사혁이 이론화한 것이다. 이에 대응하는 원림론의 주요 주제는 '풍수(風水)'와 '의경(意境)'이었다. 풍수 역시 음양사상을 기반으로 한 지기(地氣)의 원리이고, '의경'이란 시서화 공동의 가치로서 마음의 경지를 의미하는데, 특히 원림론에서는 가시적 경관 이면의 상징적 의미를 말하고 있다. 형식면에서 산수화론의 두드러진 주제는 북송조 곽희에 의해 정립된 '삼원법(三遠法)'이라는 일종의 동양화의 투시도법으로 다원적 조망을 특징으로 한다. 이에 대응하는 원림론의 주제는 '인지(因地)'와 '차경(借景)'으로 명조의 계성이 이론화하였으며, 각각 대상지 내외부 경관자원의 조성과 차용을 의미한다. 특히 차경의 세목들은 삼원법의 각 관점에 대응하고 있다. 결론적으로 동아시아 원림론에 등장하는 주요 개념들은 화론과 매우 긴밀하게 연관되어 있었으며 이로서 원림술은 예술의 한 분야로 인정받아 왔다. East-Asian intellectual societies in the pre-modem age sustained a holistic system of poem-calligraphy-painting trinity until the coming of Western modernism. Therefore, it has been insisted that the principles of traditional landscape gardening were greatly influenced by those of landscape painting and related literature. This study examined those influences closely to discover the essence of traditional Asian landscape architecture through a comparative study between Chinese landscape painting theory and landscape gardening theory within the dual categories of 'contents(value and meaning)' and 'form(view and spatial structure)'. The most important theme of landscape painting theory in contents category was 'Chi and its Vitality(氣韻生動)'. The matching theme in landscape design field was 'Feng-Shui(風水)' and 'Yi-Jin'g(意境)'. The most important theme of landscape painting theory in formal category was 'the Three Ru1es of Perspective(三遠法)'. And the matching theme of landscape design theory was 'Yindi(因地)' and 'Jie-Jing(借景)'. The most important theme of landscape painting theory in formal category was 'the Three Rules of Perspective(三遠法)'. And the matching theme of landscape design theory was 'Yindi(因地)' and 'Jie-Jing(借景)'. It was found that themes and various principles of both fields were closely inter-related and have much in common in their representation of contents and form. In the close relationship with main art genres like this, the landscape gardening could have been recognized as one of the genres of fine art.

개항기 이후 한국도시경관의 변천에 관한 연구 : 全州市와 大邱市를 중심으로

김한배,이규목 大邱大學校出版部 (대구대학, 한사대학 1993 農業科學硏究論文集 Vol.7 No.-

The goal of this study is to find out the main trends in the transition of the traditional townscape of the two major provincial cities of Korea, Jeonju and Taegu, from 'The Port Opening Treaty' with the foreign countries (1876), down to the present, and to find out the specific characteristics of the townscapes maintained scince then, in spite of many historical transitions, for the purpose of preparing the concept which can strengthen the identity of the contemporary Korean Townscapes. The methods of this study depend largely upon analyzing the city maps produced in each period and investgating the common literatures about the cities. The main finding of the study are as follws; 1) During the period of 'The Port Opening Treaty' and 'The Japanese Colonial Era', the most part of the pre-industrial Korean townscape began to change into the modern one(e.g. demolition of the city wall and straightening of the existing organic road form, etc.). 2) During Japanese colonial era, the townscapes ultimately showed a dual structure presenting a contrast between the the traditional and modern art. 3) After the liberation from the colonial governing, up to the present, the major trends in the city development mostly have succeeded the former age's urban plan and have overlapped the new dual structure upon the pre-existing one, to be the multiple structure in a larger scale. 4) Although, these townscapes have changes greatly from the modern age up to now, they also have retained the historical inertia, especially in terms of the street pattern and the land use pattern. According to the survey about the public cognitions toward the townscapes, it is confirmed that public cognitions tend to concentrate on the townscape elements or areas which retain this historical inertia. And these elements or areas seemed to be such the most important ones as to be preserved and interconnected carefully, in order to strengthen the identity of the Korean townscapes.

조선시대 산수화의 경관관이 원림양식에 미친 영향

김한배,Kim, Han-Bai 한국조경학회 2012 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.40 No.2

조선시대의 산수화의 시대별 대표유형들은 지식인들이 공유하는 이상향의 역할을 해왔으며, 동시대 원림양식의 형성에 직간접적 영향을 미쳐 왔다. 특히 조선초기의 대표적 산수화인 <몽유도원도>는 소형 계류부에 입지하면서 은둔지향적인 '도원형 원림'을 형성시키는 배경이 되었으며, 이는 지속적으로 조선조 원림의 보편적 원형의 역할을 해왔다. 조선중기에는 <무이구곡도>의 전파와 함께 '구곡형 원림'이 등장한다. 구곡형 원림은 굴곡이 많은 대규모 계류에 입지하면서 은둔형의 '곡(曲)'과 조망형의 '경(景)이 결합된 복합적 경관특성을 보여준다. 조선후기의 <진경산수화>는 승경탐사를 통해 팔경문화를 토착화 시키면서 '조망형 원림'을 촉발시켰고, 사회적으로 원림이용이 보다 개방된 것으로 나타난다. 또한 진경산수화의 연장선상에서 나타났던 민화풍의 <풍수명당도>는 '길지형 원림'을 통해 원림과 주변부 지역간의 풍수적 형국을 강화하게 하였으니, 내명당 외명당의 구조에 따르는 내원과 외원의 이중구조가 그것이다. 이렇게 조선조 전반의 원림경관은 시대별 산수화 대표유형의 영향 아래 은신과 조망의 양면적 가치를 시기적, 지역적 특징으로 부각시키면서 변화해 왔다고 판단된다. The popular landscape paintings in Jaseon Dynasty had become the prototypes of the paradise of people and played the essential role in making the typical types of garden in those times. The representative types of the paintings include <Mongyudowondo>, <Muigugokdo>, <Jinkyung Sansuhwa> and <Poongsu Myungdangdo> etc. They made ways to produce the typical types of Joseon landscape gardens such as 'Dowon Type Gardens', 'Gugok Type Gardens', 'Prospect Type Gardens' and 'Gilji Type Gardens' etc. The types of garden above showed their landscape characteristics corresponding with the types of painting respectively. The 'Dowon Type Gardens' mostly located at the mountain valley showed enclosed landscape suited for refuge it corresponds with the composition of <Mongyudowondo>. The 'Gugok Type Gardens' mostly located at the long and winding valley composed of sequential sceneries with open and enclosed views corresponding with the composition of <Muigugokdo>. The 'Prospect Type Gardens' located mostly m the hilly sites holds open views contrasting with the earlier types, and activated with the influence of <Jinkyung Sansuhwa>. The 'Gilji Type Gardens' influenced by <Poongsu Myungdangdo> extended their territory beyond the main garden and made the vicinity areas, including the whole village, a paradise in respect with feng shui. Most of the garden types in Joseon Dynasty have alternated the bipolar characteristics of Prospect and Refuge in time and area respectively.

환경문화의 복원과 미래도시환경

김한배 한국도시환경학회 2002 한국도시환경학회지 Vol.2 No.1

동양적 세계관의 관점에서 본 한국도시경관의 특성

김한배,이규목 한국조경학회 1994 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.21 No.4

It has been generally agreed that the city form especially in the preindustrial age resembled their own world view, either in the western or the eastern cultural sphere. So, we aimed to redefine the characteristics of oriental world views compared with the western one, in order to find the relative nature of the Korean townscapes. It is said that the both world views(of western and oriental) are composed of the contrastive binary concepts in common, but there seems to have been nearly contrary differences in these two world views. Wheareas the former was based on the passively segregational and oppositional dualism, the latter, on the dynamically harmonious and complementary dualism, called generally as 'Yin(陰) and Yang(陽)'. Thus, the oriental world view can be thought as the 'philosophy of the relationship', which aim to unify the dualism ultimately with the help of this relationship. So, we can assume a certain third and intermediate concept between these dual concepts of the world view, which can unify these two into the one holistic whole. And the focuses of the most traditional oriental philosophies were concentrated on this, so called, 'the third concept', namely Taoistic 'Tochu(道樞)', Buddhistic 'Kong(空)' or Confucian 'Chung(中)'. And this triple concept, including the third one, of the oriental world view revealed a more concrete form of the cosmological relationship, as the triple structure; 'Heaven(天), Earth(地), and Man(人)', in which the 'Man' is thought as the middle or the center of the world. In this manner, we could found this oriental 'triple world view' was revealed in the real topology of most places in the Korean traditional city and the whole townscape itself. So, in the scale of houses and the roads around them, we can construe the 'Maru(a central board-floored room)' and the 'Madang(a inner court)' as the 'third and intermediate space(中)' between the interior space(陰) and exterior space(陽) in the former, and between the private house(陰) and the public residential road(陽) in the former case, and between the dual parts(陰,陽) of the city representing the contrary social classes and the contrastive visual landscapes. So, we insist that this 'triple world view' represented in the townscape can be one of the most important characteristics of Korean traditional townscape. And this third intermediate spaces, which generate the active social contact and the harmonious relationship among the people, can be the most important cues, as the central places, in the interpretation of the Korean townscapes even in contemporary circumstance, which inherits its spatial and social frame more or less from the preceding one.

서울 서촌(西村) 역사문화탐방로 조성방안 연구 - 인왕산록과 배운동천 수계(白雲洞川 水系) 지역을 중심으로 -

김한배,Kim, Han-Bai 한국조경학회 2007 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.35 No.3

The direction of this study lies in exploring a schematic proposal for a historical walk over an area called 'West Village' located inside the old city wall of Seoul. The case study area is comparable to the historic 'North Village,' including historical assets such as the Kyunghi Royal Palace and Sajik-dan. Moreover, it has spectacular scenic spots surrounding Mt. Inwang and Baegundong Stream, although this has now been paved over for use as a road. This village maintained its fame as a hub of art through the early 20th century. The comprehensive approach of this study ranges from the historical and cultural to the ecological and visual. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. A themed walk would commemorate the great leader of national independence, Baegbeom Kim Ku, as well as the famous Korean style realistic landscape painting school under the leadership of Kyumjae Jeong Seon, a great artist of the Josun Dynasty. In addition, a scenic streamside walk would accentuate the surrounding panoramic vistas which were drawn by Kyumjae, while at the same time allowing the ecological system of Baegundong Stream to be uncovered and restored.

영남 중부권의 지역성과 도시경관

김한배,Kim, Han-Bae 대한건축사협회 1998 建築士 Vol.1998 No.6

도시문학을 통해 본 서울 도시경관의 인식 -‘소설가 구보’ 계열의 소설들을 중심으로

김한배,조윤승 서울연구원 2019 서울도시연구 Vol.20 No.4

This study aims at finding the transitional landscapes of Seoul and cognition of their sociocultural meaning during the modernistic period from 1930s' to the present, through analyzing the literatures called "Novelist Kubo" series of four novels. We found the authors generally expressed their cognitions of Seoul and its representative places, as the dualism of 'attachment and drudgery', like Relph had told before. This dualism of city and its places seemed to reflect their feeling of oppression by Japanese colonialism, military totalitarianism and neo-liberalism respectively at each historical period of modern Korea. 'Whorehouse' and 'department store' were the bipolar places symbolizing the dual city at the Colonial era. 'Palace' and the 'prison' converted to public park are the places of dualism with distorted meanings in the past modern period. At the present time, the soaring glass towers in the heart of historical axis of Seoul, regardless of public or commercial use, seemed to represent the value of neo-liberalism, and the spectacle of neo-Phantasmagoria. 본 연구는 1930~2010년대에 출간된 ‘소설가 구보’ 계열의 소설들을 대상으로 시대별 서울의 대표경관과 그에 대한 작가의 인식 변화를 추적해 내려 했다. 20세기 이후 서울 사람들의 산책의 대상으로 새로이 등장한 도시경관은 산책자 소설을 통해 볼 때 전시대의 자연경관과 달리 미추의 차원을 넘어 역사와 정치의 애증을 포함하는 이중적, 다중적 성격의 장소였다. 일제강점기 경성의 이중도시적 성격은 박태원과 이상의 소설 속에서 공간적, 시각적, 심리적으로 표현되었다. 유곽과 백화점이 이들의 상반된 상징이었다. 근대전기 피난민, 이방인 소설가 최인훈과 주인석의 서울 도시경관은 다양한 장소의 역사적, 사회적 이중성이 비판적으로 표현되었다. 궁궐이 동물원으로 남고 형무소가 공원이 된 역설이 대표적 이중성이었다. 근대 후기 류신의 소설 속 서울은 신자유주의적 경제논리가 사회 전영역을 지배해 가면서 도시의 중요 상징축의 외관과 용도를 다국적의 체제로 바꾸어 나가고 있다. 그 외관은 유리와 철골의 신 아케이드이다. 그들이 지상, 지하, 천상에 스펙터클의 환등상을 펼쳐나가는 반면에 화려함 뒤의 소외감은 시민사회의 각성을 유발하고 있다. 도시문학 속에서 발견되는 이러한 도시경관의 이중성은 이제까지의 통념상의 시각적 경관을 넘어서 사회문화적 상상력을 포함하는 또 다른 자원적 가치로 볼 수 있다.

조선왕조시대의 도읍경관체계 연구(II) : 전주부, 진주목, 공주목을 중심으로

김한배,박찬용 한국조경학회 1987 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.15 No.2

The townscapes of “Bu” and “Mok” in the Yi Dynasty, Showing the typical landscape characteristics of Korean pre-industrial city, were influenced by the two major socio - cultural norms, One of Which is the “Pung - su theory” a traditional religious system on human settlements, the other is the “Churyegogong system” ; a principle of the traditional oriental city planning. The former exerted main influencs on the location of towns, its external Boundaries of domain and its direction, by natural topographic features in macro perspective, and the latter on the inner parts of townscapes, i. e., the landscape system of ‘center’, ‘boundary’, ‘direction’, and ‘domain’, as representations of administrative and Socio-cultural structures of that era, in micro perspective compared with the former. The systems of Korean old townscapes can be summurized as followhg brief paradigm, with general and .case studies. And the constituents of the paradigm, such as center, boundary, direction and domain, are inferred to reinforce the “sense of place” in townscapes, with their ‘physical appearence’, ‘meaning’, and ‘social activities’.