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김용락,도상환 대한마취과학회 1995 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.29 No.2
The depth from the skin to the thoracic epidural space was measured in 121 patients (41 male and 80 female patients) receiving epidural analgesia. The patients age, sex, height, weight were obtained before measuring the distance. The needle angle to the vertical axis to the skin was obtained during inserting Touhy needle. The mean depth was 6.0± 1.3 cm, which correlated with other anatomic measurements except height. The depth was correlated with the needle angle. The group with needle angle greater than 30 was greater in depth than the other groups. The mean depth was 6.0±1.4 cm in males and 6.0±1.3 cm in females and there was no difference in depth between male and female. The mean depth was 5.7±1.3 cm at the T5-6 interspace and 6.2±1.3 cm at the T6-7 interspace and there was no difference in depth between the two groups. (Korean J Anesthesiol 1995; 29: 244~248)
김용락 대한마취과학회 1968 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.1 No.1
Propanidid was administered to 50 surgical patients, and the following results were obtained 1) Propanidid seemed effective as an induction agent. 2) Propanidid could be used alone or in combination with muscle relaxants. 3) Propanidid had little influence on the cardiovascular system, and caused no significant change in blood pressure. 4) Recovery was more rapid with propanidid than with other barbiturates. 5) Hiccough and involuntary movement were noted in the majority of patients. Vomiting, nausea, headache, shivering, and rash occurred in a few patients.
김용락 영남대학교 민족문화연구소 2006 민족문화논총 Vol.34 No.-
North Korean poetic's individuality and lyric Kim, Yong-Rak The fact that poetic individuality is inherent in the essence of lyrics as a genre becomes a symbolism to show uniqueness of North Korean literature, together with national socialist nature. Considering that ego-identity in lyrical literature begins with realization of individuality in the personal world, poetic individuality is a prerequisite for maintaining poetic genre and principles of creation. Basically even in North Korea, poetic individuality is expressed by realizing thoughts and emotions of the poet with a poetic instrument or telling people’s living through a lyrical speaker. However, it is true that North Korean literature has been used to forcefully educate and propagate national tasks in terms of national socialistic nature of North Korea, rather than imagination based on individuality. In the course of establishment of its regime, the North has emphasized national socialist nature on which it has built up its ideology. As a result, individuals and individuality have grown to be neglected and naturally poetic language has been fixed, centered on epical contents from lyrical poetry. Thus, with poetic nature, that is, realization of lyrical poetry by poetic individuality and national socialist oneness being in conflict, conflict and controversy between ‘individuality’ and ‘personal taste’ has been internally persistent in lyrical poetry of North Korea.
Lorazepam 에 의해 억제된 뇌기능 및 순환기능에 대한 Flumazenil 의 역전 효과에 관한 실험적 연구
김용락,오용석,원영천 대한마취과학회 1991 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.24 No.5
The effects of lorazepam on cerebral function, metabolism, and hemodynamics were studied in eight dogs receiving a general anesthesia with isoflurane(0.5 vo1%)-50% nitrous oxide-oxy-gen. The effects of benzodiazepine antaronist, flumazenil, were also examined. Lorazepam(0.5 mg/kg) administration did decrease mean arterial pressure(MAP) and herat rate(HR). It did significantly decrease cerebral blood flow(CBF)(measured by posterior sagittal sinus outflow method) by 25% of control value(68±l3 vs. 51±12ml/100gm/min, meanSD) and cereberal metabolic rate for oxygen(CMRO ) by 17% (3.96±1.04 vs. 3.30±0.92ml/l00gm/min, mean±SD). Electroencephalogram(EEG) converted to high amplitude, predominantly theta and delta activity. Intracranial pressure(ICP) increased markedly. Following flumazenil(0.06 mg/kg) administration, HR recovered completely to control level but MAP increased only at 5 min. compared to pre-flumazenil value and returned to pre-flumazenil level. CBF recovered to control level for 15 min. and deereaster 30 min. compared to control level but higher than pre-flumazenil level about 9-15%. CMRO recovered completely to control leveL EEG changed to an awake pattern after fluamzenil administration. It is concluded that lorarepam decreased cerebral function and metabolism and depressed hemodynamic fuction. Benzodiazepine antag- onist, flumazenil, was effective in reversing cerebral and hemodynamic effects, may be in dose related manner.
Lidocaine 정주가 기관내 삽관에 의한 안압 증가에 미치는 영향
김용락,민성원 대한마취과학회 1991 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.24 No.3
This study was undertaken to determine whether intravenous lidocaine could prevent the acute increase in intraocular pressure associated with laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. Twenty surgical patients(ASA class 1) who do not have any disease influencing on the intraocular pressure(IOP)(e.g. ophthalmic diseases, diabetes, hypertension, etc.) were studied and divided into two groups, experimental group(n= 10) and control group(n=10). After measurement of preinduction IOP, anesthesia was induced by pentothal 5 mg/kg and vecuronium 0.15 mg/kg, and maintained with 100% oxygen for 3 minutes and baseline IOP was measured. Then, saline and lidocaine(1.5 mg/kg) were injected to controls and experimental group, respectively. One minute and 30 seconds after this, IOP was measured and trachea was intubated. After intubation, anesthesia was maintained with 100% oxygen and 1,5 vo1% halothane and IOP was measured on 1, 3 and 5 minutes after intubation. The results were as follows. 1) One minute and 30 seconds after saline or lidocaine injection(immediately before intubation), IOP was significantly lower in lidocaine group than control group. 2) Peak increases in IOP after intubation were significantly less in lidocaine group than control group. From the above results, the use of 1.5 mg/kg of intravenous lidocaine approximately 1 minute and 30 seconds before tracheal intubation significantly attenuates the increase in IOP. This procedure will be useful in the induction of anesthesia in patients in whom the increase in IOP should be avoided.