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도심지 미진동 제어발파에서 진동분석을 통한 안전 발파설계에 관한 연구(II) - 진동측정 자료의 통계적 분석을 위주로 -
김영환,안명석,박종남,강대우,이창우 대한화약발파공학회 2000 화약발파 Vol.18 No.2
본 연구지역은 안산암지역으로 지반의 구조특성을 잘 나타내는 균열계수로서 암반특성을 표현하였고 발파진동식을 추정하는데 있어서 결정계수를 높여 오차를 최소화하였다. 측정자료 를 누적분석하였을 때 결정계수가 0.002~0.531로서 신뢰하기 어려웠으며 동일 장약량을 가진 동일거리군 군별 평균진동속도로서 회귀분석한 경우 결정계수는0.493~0.531으로 그다지 높지 않은 결과가 나왔고 절사평균을 이용한 결정계수는 0.307~0.487로서 역시 신뢰하기 어려운 결과를 도출했다 또한 샘플수를 가중치로 적용하는 방법의 결정계수는 0.644~0.752로서 본 연구의 적용 통계적 방법중 가장 높은 결과를 도출하였으며, 진동속도 표준편차의 영향을 가중치로 적용하는 방법의 결정계수는 0.516~0.668이었고 진동속도 분산의 영향을 가중치로 적용하는 방법의 결정계수는 0.516~0.685이었다. 그러므로 발파진동추정식을 산출할 때 동일장약량을 가지는 15m이내의 동일거리군에서의 진동평균속도에 가중치를 적용하여 얻은 회귀분석 결과가 가장 신뢰성이 높았다. 이 때 자승근일 때의 발파진동상수 $K_{95}$는 317.4, n은 -1.66이었고, 삼승근일 때의 발파진동상수 $K_{95}$는 209.9,n은 -1.60이었고 자승근과 삼승근의 교차점분석시 허용진동속도 4cm/sec에서 교차점은 31m이므로 발파지점으로부터의 거리가 31m이내는 삼승근 적용이 신뢰성이 높고, 31m이상일 때는 자승근 적용이 신뢰성이 높은 것으로 판단되었다. Abstract The characteristics of bed rock in the study area was classified by means of the crack coefficient estimated from the seismic velocities of in-situ and intact rocks. Various statistical methods were investigated in order to minimize the possible errors in estimating the predictive equation of blasting vibration and to enhance the determination coefficient $R^2$, for more reliable estimation. The determination coefficient showed the highest in the analysis for those groups using weighting function with the number of samples. The analysis for the weighting function employed with standard coefficient and variance also enhanced the determination coefficients significantly compared to the others, but the reliability was slightly lower than results obtained former method. Therefore the most reliable predictive equation of blasting vibration was found to be obtained from a regression analysis of the mean vibration level using the weighting of same distance groups within 15m with the same explosive charge weight per delay. The coefficients, K and n 317.4 and -1.66, respectively, when using the square root scaling, and 209.9 and -1.66, respectively, when using the cube root scaling. The analysis also showed that the square root scaling may be used in the distance less than 31m form the blast source, and the cube root scaling in the distance more than 31m for safe design.
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SiC 휘스커 보강 Al 복합재료의 미세조직과 기계적 특성에 관한 연구
김영환,이두영,이성학,김낙준 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 1990 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.28 No.7
This study aims at establishing the correlation of microstructure and mechanical properties of 2124-T6 Al composites reinforced with 7, 15, 20 v/o SiC whiskers. Tensile tests along with Charpy impact tests were conducted over the test temperature range from -196℃ to 100℃. Notched round tensile tests and subsequent metallographic observations as well as in-situ SEM observation of crack opening processes were performed for the purpose of identifying the micro-mechanical processes involved in void initiation. The experimental results indicated that the impact energy was found to increase monotonically with decreasing the amount of SiC whiskers and with inceasing the test temperature. Microvoids were observed to nucleate at the interface between the aluminum matrix and SiC whikskers, confirming that the formation of voids at the interfaces is the main metallurgical factor which contributes to the reduction of fracture toughness. In addition, the Mn-containing intermetallic particles strongly affect the fracture processes in these composites.
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김영환,이계영,심영수,김건열,한용철,조상헌,한성구 대한내과학회 1988 대한내과학회지 Vol.35 No.4
Unilateral interstitial lung disease is a very rare condition. A 67 year old male was presented with fever and chill accompanied by progressive dyspnea. A chest X-ray showed unilateral homogenous opacification in the right lung, composed of air-space consolidation and reticular interstitial infiltration. He was treated with antibiotics and bronchodilators but there was no improvement. A transbronchial lung biopsy was done which suggested interstitial fibrosis. An open lung biopsy was done for confirmative diagnosis and as a therapeutic guide. The result was the diagnosis of intermediate stage of interstitial pulmonary fobrosis. Steroid were administered, resulting in a dramatic improvement, hoth clinically and radiologically.
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김영환 한글학회 2009 한글 Vol.- No.284
The intellectuals in our traditional society were obsessed with the idea that we should use the Chinese character to establish a more civilized country. The Chinese character was the symbol of learning, education, and dignity. They regarded using scripts different from the Chinese ones as barbarous, according to “the same character(同文) principle”. It is highly affected by the Chinese classics which contains highly Sino-centric international order and world view in the East Asia. “Dialect”(方言) was applied to all foreign languages, including those of Europe. Classical Chinese was conceived as common written language. Korean alphabet which had been called “Eonmun”(諺文) means scripts for the vernacular which were excluded from official use in principle. “Dialect” in our time can refer Korean language which is not international. Once Japanese was, now English is ‘international’ languge. The view that regards Hangeul as “Eonmun” is still alive in various academic activities. 전통 사회의 지식인은 중국과 같은 종류의 글자를 써야 문명국이 된다는 의식에 사로잡혀 있었다. 이런 동문 의식은 중국 통일의 표상으로서 유교적 동아시아 국제 질서, 즉 중화주의의 핵심인 천하 사상을 전제한다. 이에 따라 중국과 같은 문자를 쓴다는 동문을 당연한 것으로 여겼다. 우리말은 ‘중국어’와 계통마저 다름에도 ‘방언’으로 개념화되었다. ‘방언’ 개념은 중국 내부는 물론 주변의 다른 민족의 언어에도 적용되었다. 중국과 다른 글자를 갖는 것은 오랑캐의 증거라는 동문 의식이 지배적임에도 중국 글자와 다른 한글을 만든 것은, 말소리의 차이에 따라 한자와 다른 글자를 갖는 것이 자연스런 것이라 여기는 흐름이 있었다. 하지만 공적인 영역, 특히 지배 계급 안에서의 소통에선 원칙적으로 쓰지 않아야 하는 것이었다. 사적 영역이나 소설에서는 언문은 쉽게 받아들여졌다. 이렇게 언문을 용인한 것은 한문 쓰기가 불편하기 때문이었다. 동문·방언·언문 개념은 서로 밀접하게 얽혀 있다. 천하 체제에서 방언과 ‘국어’는 서로 배척하는 개념이 아니다. 모화 사상에 젖어 우리말과 글을 보는 전통은 식민지 시대나 분단 이후에도 일본말이나 미국말을 국제어·세계어·문명어로 보는 관점에서 그다지 바뀌지 않고 이어지고 있다.
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초음파 유도하 좌측 경피경간 담배액술 : 시술의 난이도에 미치는 기술적 요인 분석
김영환 대한영상의학회 1998 대한영상의학회지 Vol.38 No.4
Purpose : To evaluate the factors affecting procedure related technical difficulties of US-guided left sided PTBD and the complications involved in the use of this method. Material and Methods : We prospectively evaluated US-guided left PTBD in 26 patients with malignant biliary obstructions. The causes of underlying malignancy were bile duct carcinoma(n=10), adenocarcinoma of the pancreas(n=8), GB carcinoma(n=4), metastasis to the porta hepatis(n=2), duodenal carcinoma(n=1), hepatocellular carcinoma(n=1). We divided the procedure into four steps for the evaluation of technical difficulties, and we measured procedure time and fluoroscopic exposure time. And we evaluated the incidence of procedure related complications. Results:US-guided left PTBD was successful in all attempted cases. The average procedure time and fluoroscopic exposure time involved were 14.2 min. and 5.5 min., respectively. From the first step to the fourth step, the average time required was 4.4 min, 2.3 min., 1.9 min., 5.6 min., respectively. One major complication involved sepsis(3.8%), and ten minor complications including five transient hemobilia(19.2%), three tube malfunction(11.5%), and two fever(7.6%). Conclusion : US-guided left PTBD was easy to perform and a relatively safe method. The total procedure time was short, and as the radiologist becomes more experienced, this could be further reduced.
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