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서울시 동별 상류계층(파워엘리트) 주거 분포와 흡연과의 관련성에 대한 다수준분석
김창석,윤성철,김혜련,강영호,Kim, Chang-Seok,Yun, Sung-Cheol,Kim, Hye-Ryun,Khang, Young-Ho 대한예방의학회 2006 예방의학회지 Vol.39 No.1
Objectives: We examined whether the neighborhood socioeconomic position predicts the smoking rates after adjusting for individual socioeconomic position indicators. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2001 Seoul Health Indicators Survey. The neighborhood socioeconomic position was the residential distribution of the high class (power elites), as measured by the location quotients (LQ) for each administrative dong (district). A high LQ denotes a high neighborhood socioeconomic status. The individual socioeconomic position included education, occupation and income. Age-adjusted smoking rates according to the LQ level were computed with the direct method. The total number of subjects in this study (26,022 men and 28,007 women) was the reference. A multilevel logistic regression analysis was conducted with the individuals at the first level and the neighborhoods at the second level to estimate the odds ratios of smoking with 95% confidence intervals. Results: For men, the age-adjusted smoking rates increased with a decrease in the LQ. For women, the relationship between the age-adjusted smoking rate and the LQ was not clear. The odds of smoking for both genders were greater among those subjects with lower incomes and lower education. The manual occupational class had greater odds of smoking than the non-manual class for the males, while the odds ratio of smoking among females with a manual occupation tended to be lower than those females with a non-manual occupation. For the males, the LQ levels independently predicted smoking after adjustment for individual income. However, this relation between the LQ and smoking in males was explained by full adjustment for the individual socioeconomic position indicators (education, occupation and income). Conclusions: A low level of neighborhood socioeconomic position was associated with higher smoking rates among the men residing in Seoul. This association between the neighborhood socioeconomic position and smoking in men was explained by the individual socioeconomic position. Anti-smoking efforts to reduce geographical inequality in smoking should be directed at reducing the smoking rates between the individuals with different socioeconomic backgrounds in the metropolitan city of Seoul, South Korea.
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김창석 충남대학교 백제연구소 2007 百濟硏究 Vol.45 No.-
Baekje’s royal handicraft was gradually formed on the basis of production foothold which was enlarged, expropriating an advanced technique and joining manufacturers specialized from Mahan(馬韓). Production of trinkets like beads was early established as royal handicraft and weaving, sewing and special earthenware manufacture followed. * Assistant Professor, Dept. of History Education, Kangwon National University Baekje's royal family, in the period of King Geunchogo(近肖古王), had higher instruments of production than chieves(首長) in other zone. As the scale of war spreaded, the part of governmental handicraft such as the production of combat equipage was branched. It is thought that Baekje's royal handicraft was formed in the early and middle parts of the 4th. century. The production regime can be guessed through Baksa(博士) system. Best specialist was appointed as Baksa and he commanded craftsmen. A government agency was established to control them. The bureaucracy under the kingship who had Chinese style name was guessed to be that. What developed afterwards on the basis of this system was the handicraft post belonging to Inner-bureaucracy(內官) in the period of Sabi(泗沘)-capital. This product system centraling around royal handicraft changed and new system established on the basis of national collection system in which some villages produced specific articles and paid them to the capital. This change of production system resulted in abolition of some part of royal handicraft agencies on Inner- bureaucracy organization in the period of King Mu(武王). 수공업 생산은 그 주체에 따라 왕실ㆍ국가 혹은 관영ㆍ귀족ㆍ사찰ㆍ민간 수공업으로 구분한다. 이 가운데 왕실수공업이 고대국가에서는 가장 높은 기술 수준을 보유했고 시기적으로도 가장 먼저 체제적으로 정립되었다. 이 글은 백제의 왕실수공업을 대상으로 하여 그 성립 과정과 생산체제의 변천을 시론 삼아 검토해본 것이다. 백제의 왕실수공업은 마한 소국 시기부터 선진 기술을 수용하고 전문 장인들을 포섭하면서 확대된 생산기반을 토대로 하여 점진적으로 성립되었다. 구슬류의 장식품 생산이 상대적으로 일찍이 왕실수공업으로 정착했고 견직, 고급 마직의 직조 및 봉제 수공업, 흑색마연토기, 삼족기 등 특수 토기 제조업이 뒤를 따랐다. 근초고왕대의 백제 왕실은 다른 지역 수장과 차별화된 고급 수공업 생산조직을 갖추고 있었다. 그리고 전쟁의 규모가 전보다 확대되므로 전투장비 생산 부문 등 일부 관영수공업도 분화되었다. 4세기 초ㆍ중엽이 백제 왕실수공업이 성립한 시점이라고 생각된다.그 생산체제는 博士制를 통해 짐작할 수 있는데, 박사로 임명된 수공업자는 그 분야 최고의 전문가로서 휘하에 자신보다 숙련도가 낮은 장인들을 거느렸다. 이들을 관리ㆍ통제하는 관인 혹은 관부도 설치했으니 長史, 司馬, 參軍처럼 중국식 관명을 띠는 국왕 직속의 屬僚的 존재를 그 후보로 생각할 수 있다. 백제의 왕실수공업은 생산품별로 수공업장이 조직되었고, 박사급의 숙련 장인과 하급 장인들로 구성된 수공업자 집단이 하나의 단위가 되어 공방을 운영하는 체제로 생산이 이뤄졌으며, 국왕의 속료 조직이 이들 수공업장 조직을 장악했다. 이러한 생산체제를 기초로 하여 후대에 발전된 결과가 사비기의 內官 소속 수공업 관부이며, 왜국의 율령체제와 결합해서는 品部로 변형된다. 웅진기 후반에는 전국에 산재하는 원료 산지를 왕실이 장악하고 중앙에서 활동하는 그 지역 출신 장인 혹은 수공업 관부의 관인을 활용하여 생산이 이뤄졌다. 이러한 왕실수공업 중심의 생산체제는 이후 변화하여, 일부 촌락이 특정 물품을 생산하여 중앙에 납부하는 국가적 차원의 수취체계에 입각한 새로운 생산체제가 성립한다. 武王代 무렵 내관 조직에 변동이 생겨 왕실수공업 관련 관사 중 일부가 폐지된 것은 이러한 수공업 생산체계의 변화가 반영된 것이다.
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電力系統의 潮流計算에 關한 G-S法과 N-R法의 比較硏究
金昌錫,崔昌柱 조선대학교 동력자원연구소 1987 動力資源硏究所誌 Vol.9 No.2
The purpose of this study is the analysis of loadflow calculation in electrical power system, the control of any troubles in it, and the plans of setting up the operation and of magnification. The load-flow calculation of electrical power system has difficulties in grasping the results by the magnitude of the system becoming complicated and growing larger. The maximum reduction of computing time is inevitably being demanded. It has been considered that computing time, memory requirements, and convergence characteristics of an electronic computer should be studied for continuous improvement of load-flow calculation. In this study, it has resulted in reduction of computing time that the Gauss-seidel method and the Newton-Raphson method would be used, and then compared with each other.
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김창석,이우선,김병인 조선대학교 동력자원연구소 1996 動力資源硏究所誌 Vol.18 No.1
In these days, the thinner film of dielectric materials is required while it's capacitance is required to be still large at the VLSI process. Most of such VLSI have MOS structures. For the research on this requirement, MOS capacitors were fabricated on the silicon wafer in four different thickness groups by RF sputtering method and investigated on their electrical and optical characteristics. SiO film is used as the insulating layer and TiN film is chosen as the barrier against the diffusion of AI which is the terminal connected by ohmic contact because TiN has the advantageous properties such as good thermal stability and very low diffusion rate in spite of it's relatively low specific resistance.
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