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Matthew J. Garrett,R. William Richardson,Jennifer L. Wolny,B. James Williams,Michael D. Dirks,Julie A. Brame 한국조류학회I 2011 ALGAE Vol.26 No.2
Ballasting and deballasting of shipping vessels in foreign ports have been reported worldwide as a vector of introduction of non-native aquatic plants and animals. Recently, attention has turned to ballast water as a factor in the global increase of harmful algal blooms (HABs). Many species of microalgae, including harmful dinoflagellate species, can remain viable for months in dormant benthic stages (cysts) in ballast sediments. Over a period of four years, we surveyed ballast water and sediment of ships docked in two ports of Tampa Bay, Florida, USA. Sampling conditions encountered while sampling ballast water and sediments were vastly different between vessels. Since no single sample collection protocol could be applied, existing methods for sampling ballast were modified and new methods created to reduce time and labor necessary for the collection of high-quality, qualitative samples. Five methods were refined or developed,including one that allowed for a directed intake of water and sediments. From 63 samples, 1,633 dinoflagellate cysts and cyst-like cells were recovered. A native, cyst-forming, harmful dinoflagellate, Alexandrium balechii (Steidinger) F. J. R. Taylor, was collected, isolated, and cultured from the same vessel six months apart, indicating that ships exchanging ballast water in Tampa Bay have the potential to transport HAB species to other ports with similar ecologies, exposing them to non-native, potentially toxic blooms.
Garrett, Matthew J.,Wolny, Jennifer L.,Williams, B. James,Dirks, Michael D.,Brame, Julie A.,Richardson, R. William The Korean Society of Phycology 2011 ALGAE Vol.26 No.2
Ballasting and deballasting of shipping vessels in foreign ports have been reported worldwide as a vector of introduction of non-native aquatic plants and animals. Recently, attention has turned to ballast water as a factor in the global increase of harmful algal blooms (HABs). Many species of microalgae, including harmful dinoflagellate species, can remain viable for months in dormant benthic stages (cysts) in ballast sediments. Over a period of four years, we surveyed ballast water and sediment of ships docked in two ports of Tampa Bay, Florida, USA. Sampling conditions encountered while sampling ballast water and sediments were vastly different between vessels. Since no single sample collection protocol could be applied, existing methods for sampling ballast were modified and new methods created to reduce time and labor necessary for the collection of high-quality, qualitative samples. Five methods were refined or developed, including one that allowed for a directed intake of water and sediments. From 63 samples, 1,633 dinoflagellate cysts and cyst-like cells were recovered. A native, cyst-forming, harmful dinoflagellate, Alexandrium balechii (Steidinger) F. J. R. Taylor, was collected, isolated, and cultured from the same vessel six months apart, indicating that ships exchanging ballast water in Tampa Bay have the potential to transport HAB species to other ports with similar ecologies, exposing them to non-native, potentially toxic blooms.
US-Korean Security Relations: Post-Reunification
( William J Taylor Jr ),( Michael J Mazarr ) 한국국방연구원 1992 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.4 No.1
This paper examines the future of Korea and its security relations with the United States. Unification, it contends, may be approaching faster than many have believed, and irrespective of the timing, unification is inevitabl-the questions related to it are how and when, not whether. Once unified, Korea will undoubtedly face a difficult period of adjustment as it seeks to fit itself into the new security equation in Northeast Asia. The paper examines that transition. It looks at the security envi-ronment in which a unified Korea would find itself, and sketches out a number of potential strategies by which Korea could guarantee its security: an independent militarism, an alliance with a regional power, neutrality, collective security, and others. It concludes that a unified Korea will probably continue to prefer a security relationship with the United States to any other ultimate security guarantee. Assuming that Korean-US security relations will continue after unification, the paper concludes with an assessment of the current challenges facing the relationship, including domestic politics on both sides and defense industrial cooperation.
Michael D. McAlpine,William Gittings,Adam J. MacNeil,Wendy E. Ward 한국식품영양과학회 2021 Journal of medicinal food Vol.24 No.8
Many human studies suggest a benefit of tea consumption on bone health. The study objective was to compare the ability of different tea types to promote mineralization. Saos-2 cells underwent mineralization (5 days) in the presence of tea (white: WT, green: GT, black: BT, green rooibos: GR, or red rooibos: RR; 1 μg/mL of polyphenols) or control. Total polyphenol content (TPC, Folin-Ciocalteu's reagent), antioxidant capacity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] scavenging), mineralization (Alizarin Red staining), gene expression quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR), and cell activity (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay) were determined. TPC was highest in GT and BT. The ability of each tea to inhibit DPPH also differed (WT, GT > RR) after normalizing for polyphenol quantity. Each tea increased mineralization and differences were observed among types (GT/BT/GR/RR > WT, GT = BT = GR, RR > BT/GT). mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP1) remained unchanged, whereas osteopontin (OPN) and sclerostin (SOST) were reduced in cells treated with tea, regardless of type. At 24- and 48-h postexposure to tea, cell activity was greater in cells receiving any of the teas compared with vehicle control. Supplementation increased mineralization regardless of tea type with both rooibos teas and black tea stimulating greater mineralization than WT, whereas green tea is similar to the others. While future study is needed to confirm in vivo effects, the results suggest that consuming any of the teas studied may benefit bone health.
All-oral Dual Therapy with Daclatasvir and Asunaprevir in Patients with HCV Genotype 1B Infection
Michael Manns,Stanislas Pol,Ira M. Jacobson,Patrick Marcellin,Stuart C. Gordon,Cheng-Yuan Peng,Ting-Tsung Chang,Gregory T. Everson,Jeong Heo,Guido Gerken,Boris Yoffe,William J. Towner,Marc Bourliere,S 한국간담췌외과학회 2014 한국간담췌외과학회 학술대회지 Vol.2014 No.4
The Lick AGN Monitoring Project 2011: Dynamical Modeling of the Broad-line Region
Williams, Peter R.,Pancoast, Anna,Treu, Tommaso,Brewer, Brendon J.,Barth, Aaron J.,Bennert, Vardha N.,Buehler, Tabitha,Canalizo, Gabriela,Cenko, S. Bradley,Clubb, Kelsey I.,Cooper, Michael C.,Filippen American Astronomical Society 2018 The Astrophysical journal Vol.866 No.2
Strategic Opportunities in Northeast Asia
( William J Taylor Jr ),( Michael J Mazarr ) 한국국방연구원 1989 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.1 No.2
This essay suggests that the security context in Northeast Asia is changing rapidly, and that US security policies must evolve to meet changing realities. It outlines what the basic shifts appear to be and proposes a number of specific policy options that the Unites States ought to pursue. In terms of the changing environment, the essay addresses four major trends. First, the Unites States will be forced to surrender to some degree its traditional role as security guarantor in Northeast Asia, a result dictated in large part by US defense budget shortfalls. Second, the USSR and China have dynamic new economic and political objectives and they desire regional detente. Third, South Korea is undergoing massive political and economic change change complicated by a number of specific factors, including trade frictions with the United States, growing nationalism, and the drive for reunification. Finally, North Korea remains a repressive, closed, dangerous state. The authors propose a number of courses to deal with these shifts, all under the rubric of a new strategy for Northeast Asia. The essay rejects calls to pressure South Korea on trade or burden sharing grounds-Seoul has made major progress in both areas, and in fact spends more on defense than any other US ally. South Korean nationalism would also tend to render such efforts counterproductive. The United States should, on the other hand, reorganize the military command structure to allow greater South Korean participation, including turning over command of all ground forces to a Korean General. The United States also ought to announce a phased reduction of its forces in South Korea, and tie that reduction to progress in conventional arms control between the two Koreas. US officials should continue to express strong support for Seoul`s Nordpolitik and for the process of reunification, and should pledge its willingness to withdraw all its troops once both sides are satisfied that the reunification process has advanced to a stage where hostilities are virtually ruled out. These policies would provide a means for the United States to respond both to political and economic developments in South Korea and to Mikhail Gorbachev`s heady public relations campaign. As such they would constitute a first step in reviving US global leadership.
Wallace Stephen J.,Murphy Michael P.,Schiffman Corey J.,Hopkinson William J.,Brown Nicholas M. 대한슬관절학회 2020 대한슬관절학회지 Vol.32 No.-
Preoperative radiographic templating for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been shown to be inaccurate. Patient demographic data, such as gender, height, weight, age, and race, may be more predictive of implanted component size in TKA.A multivariate linear regression model was designed to predict implanted femoral and tibial component size using demographic data along a consecutive series of 201 patients undergoing index TKA. Traditional, two-dimensional, radiographic templating was compared to demographic-based regression predictions on a prospective 181 consecutive patients undergoing index TKA in their ability to accurately predict intraoperative implanted sizes. Surgeons were blinded of any predictions. Patient gender, height, weight, age, and ethnicity/race were predictive of implanted TKA component size. The regression model more accurately predicted implanted component size compared to radiographically templated sizes for both the femoral ( P = 0.04) and tibial ( P < 0.01) components. The regression model exactly predicted femoral and tibial component sizes in 43.7 and 43.7% of cases, was within one size 90.1 and 95.6% of the time, and was within two sizes in every case. Radiographic templating exactly predicted 35.4 and 36.5% of cases, was within one size 86.2 and 85.1% of the time, and varied up to four sizes for both the femoral and tibial components. The regression model averaged within 0.66 and 0.61 sizes, versus 0.81 and 0.81 sizes for radiographic templating for femoral and tibial components. A demographic-based regression model was created based on patient-specific demographic data to predict femoral and tibial TKA component sizes. In a prospective patient series, the regression model more accurately and precisely predicted implanted component sizes compared to radiographic templating.Prospective cohort, level II.