複制中國書畵文物的歷史和現狀及複制工藝技術

曹靜樓,郭文林 용인대학교 박물관 2003 丹豪文化硏究 Vol.- No.7

Imno(臨摹 copying) of the painting and writing in China is combined result of many closely-related elements that include Chinese cultural tradition and philosophy and substantial characteristics of Chinese paintings and calligraphy. ① Chinese rulers throughout history, under the so-called theory of 'Sungkyohuajoinlon' (成敎化助人論 to help people by educating them) often relied on paintings as a means to strengthen their governing foundation while using them to educate their subjects and people. For example, Hyojaeuisudo ≪孝子義士圖, a painting of devoted children and righteous people≫ meant the loyalty and obedience, Yulyujun ≪烈女傳, a story of virtuous women≫ was used to signify the importance of chastity in a feudal society. Paintings with such themes were met with the rulers ethics and, with the supports from the rulers, used as a means to publicize their ethics and educate their subjects and people. ② There were many rulers who were good at or loved the writing and painting in ancient China. Among many, Taizhong Li Shimin at Tang Dynasty(唐 太宗 李世民), Xianzhong Li Jiangji(玄宗 李降基), Huizhong Jo Ji at Song Dynasty (宋代 徽宗 趙佶), Xunzhong Zhu Jianshen at Ming Dynasty(明代 憲宗 朱見深), Gaozhong Hong Li at Qing Dynasty(靑代 高宗 弘力) are such examples. Development of painting and writing arts in China was achieved with the interests of rulers in them, and important eras that marked the history of Chinese painting and writing arts were created. Until the year of Huizhong(徽宗), the level of painting and writing was an important condition in deciding a governmental position. However, in ancient times, since there was a limited number of painting and writing works and lack of printing technology, emperors and high officials of literature had to be satisfied only with enjoying them and hoped to possess them. In the government, a special bureau was established to educate and raise the professionals who could duplicate the paintings and writings. This tendency influenced the society as a whole, and the atmosphere of reproduction of painting and writing works by duplication gradually culminated. ③ Chinese philosophy had also influenced their painting and writing arts. Chinese drawings pursue objectivity and has an expression style of Chuninhapil (天人合一, heaven and human beings are one). In Chinese drawings, artists describe the natural object and at the same time transfer their mind and feelings in them. Nature in the drawings is not just the nature as it is seen, but it is the nature observed and attained by artists and drawn from deep inside of artists. When people learn Chinese drawings for the first time, they are not taught how to describe the forms as in the western style but receive formative train in that people enter into the nature and sketch. This is the reason why artists, when copying the works in the past, are able to obtain the feelings of nature and learn various brush techniques that are applied in Chinese drawings. Therefore, copying is a significant method to learn Chinese drawings. For example, SunMyo(線描 line description) has a certain form, and a famous ShipPalMyo (十八描 18 descriptions) including ChulSunMyo(鐵線描), YuSaMyo (遊絲描), NanYupMyo (蘭葉描), YuYupMyo (柳葉描), JoEuiMyo (曹衣描) was created. Since these lines don't exist in natural objects, it is impossible to learn them through sketching. They can be learned only by copying the works in the past, in which they equates with various drawing styles that are applied when painting various objects. For example, JunBup(준法 technique to express the feel of the surface as it is) used for landscape drawings is helpful when expressing the touch and feelings of various rocks. For example, BuByukJun(斧劈준) or WooJumJun(雨點준) are good for expressing the characteristics of Chinese northern landscape, PiMaJun(披痲준) or MiJumJun(米點준) for Chinese southern landscape. This JunBup does not exist in natural objects such as mountain or rock, and artists can learn the right JunBup for various rocks through copying the works of the past. ④ Traditional thinking that stresses the relationship between a teacher and disciple in Chinese culture had also influenced Chinese painting and writing arts. When people beging to learn Chinese drawings, they must copy the works of their teacher. Therefore, when other people look at the drawings, they know who is with which teacher and which school. The drawings of certain artists are used as an educational purpose when students learn drawings for copying. For example, SaSaengJinBuDo ≪寫生珍禽圖≫ by Huang Jun (黃筌) in Song Dynasty was inherited to his son and learned as a work for copying. Each word in Immo(臨摹), according to the explanation in the ancient literature, has a separate meaning, Mo(摹 to copy) means Tap(榻 to copy), and Im(臨 to overlook) means Sa(寫 to write). Current meaning of Im(臨) is, while looking at the original drawing, to understand deeply and in details. When doing it, not only the techniques of brush, ink, and color but also the compositional characteristics should be thoroughly studied in order to completely familiarize with the form and line of the original drawing. And then, it has to be reproduced on another paper in one moment, and the copy does not have to be and can not be exactly the same as the original. Im(臨), based upon the complete understanding of the original, is to complete the copy with one energy without looking at the original. Mo(摹) is, while placing a thin paper right over the ancient drawing book, to copy both thick and thin lines, and Mo(摹)'s meaning in copying of a painting (摹畵) is the same. In ancient times, Mo(摹) was replaced with Mo(模 to imitate) or Mu(撫 to stroke). In other words, a transparent paper is placed over the original, the first copy is accurately made, the original is removed, drawing paper is placed over the first copy, and drawing is done in details while referring the original. Two words, Im(臨) and Mo(摹), originally impose a separate meaning and cant be one word, but they are habitually used as one word. Mo(摹) used in current China cant be Im (臨) but has to be called as Motap (摹榻). Especially, copying and counterfeiting are fundamentally different and can't be used as same meaning. The purpose of copying is a complete reproduction of energy and form of the original, and it is to conserve and actively publicize the original. The purpose of counterfeiting is to gain profits while falsely stating someone else's name as his or her own, and it includes the meaning of damaging the original. They also have difference in using the technique. The work of copying is faithful to the original and completely reproduce the smallest detail. People producing the copies must perfectly understand the spirit and form of the original, and successful copies should contain both the form and spirit. Rather, counterfeit is not based on the original but freely drawn upon studying a certain brush style of ones own. As a result, artists of counterfeit who are very well aware of the brush style used by the original artist are famous artists and might be the person who lives the same period with or the disciple of the original artist. Paintings produced for the purpose of counterfeiting possibly be the fraud and trouble to judge the authenticity of the work in a later period. Copying project of painting and writing at the Palace Museum is to replace the original work with the copied one by the time of difficulty in exhibiting the original, which is the best way to conserve the original. Copying of ancient paintings and calligraphy does not only mean the line description, outlining, coloring), or usage of ink. It is a very difficult process of re-creation that requires sincerity and efforts. Since the Palace Museum has started the copying project in 1950s, top artists are putting their efforts to copy and duplicate highly-valuable cultural artifacts. They have copied famous drawings of Qin, Tang, Song and Yuan dynasty with strict working attitude and exquisite techniques. Famous Chungmyungsanghudo≪淸明上河圖≫, Hanheejaeyayeondo ≪韓熙載夜宴圖≫, Guasukpyungwondo≪과石平遠圖≫ by Kwak Hee(郭熙), and Chunggeumdo ≪聽琴圖≫ by Jo Gil (趙佶) are such examples. Not many professionals are working for the copies in China. There were few in the Shanghai(上海) and Nanjing(南京) Museum during 1980s, but they are no longer there with various reasons. In Dunhuang(敦煌) and Xian (西安), frescoes are mainly being replicated. The quality of professionals who work to copy at the Palace Museum are the best in its technique and size and cannot be compared to other museums. Copying one painting successfully requires a lot of preparations. When producing the copies, it takes from few days to several years. Thus, safety of the original should be guaranteed, and there should not be done even a small damage. But observing the original should be convenient, and copying process should be progressed with many attentions.

중국 영유아용품 모바일 쇼핑몰 상세페이지에 대한 감성이미지 평가와 선호도 연구

궈징징 ( Guo Jing-jing ),권기제 ( Kwon Ki-je ) 커뮤니케이션디자인학회(구 시각디자인학회) 2019 커뮤니케이션 디자인학연구 Vol.66 No.-

본 연구는 영유아용품 모바일 쇼핑몰의 상세페이지를 대상으로 감성이미지평가와 선호도 분석을 통하여 쇼핑몰 상세페이지 디자인에 대한 감성이미지 반영요소의 중요성 및 디자인 적용가이드를 제안하는데 있다. 중국의 모바일 쇼핑몰 시장 현황을 살펴보고, 상세페이지 디자인과 감성이미지 적용에 대한 선행연구를 실시하였다. 영유아용품 상세페이지 디자인에 대한 감성이미지와 선호도를 파악하기 위해 영유아를 육아 중인 중국 거주 남여 40명을 대상으로, 영유아용품 모바일 쇼핑몰 상세페이지에 대한 감성이미지를 측정 평가하였다. 영유아용품 중 소비가 많은 기저귀 제품의 상세페이지에 대한 감성이미지와 관련된 감성어휘 10쌍을 추출하였으며, 감성형용사를 사용하여 5단계 의미분별척도법으로 측정하였다. 요인축소를 통한 대표 감성이미지를 추출하기 위하여 요인분석을 시행하였다. 이를 통해 대표적 감성이미지와 소비자가 선호하는 상세페이지 디자인 스타일을 도출하여 디자인 콘셉트 및 상세페이지 디자인 진행 프로세스를 제안하였다. This study analyzes the emotional image and preference of the detailed pages of the mobile shopping mall's infant products. The research conducted a preliminary study on the detailed page, the emotional image and the trade information of the mobile shopping mall in China. It measures the emotional image of the mobile shopping mall for infants product detailed page by targeting 40 male and female students who are related to the visual design college students and parents. For the purpose of the assessment, by using 10 pairs of objectives related to the emotional image of the diaper detailed page and the Semantics Differential Method to analyze the emotional evaluation. A factorial analysis was performed to extract the key objectives through reduction of factors. Finally, the design concept was submitted with a summary of the characteristic of the consumer's preferred detailed page design and the core objectives.

The effect of cyfluthrin on testis inhibin B in rats and the intervention of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide

Guo Xin,Xie Yong-Xin,Guo Chen,Wei Jing-Lin,Yang Hui-Fang 대한독성 유전단백체 학회 2021 Molecular & cellular toxicology Vol.17 No.2

Background In recent years, studies have shown that cyfluthrin is harmful to the reproductive system. Lycium barbarum polysaccharide may be a protective agent. Objective To investigate the effect of cyfluthrin (Cy) on testosterone B (inhibin B, INHB) in male rats and the intervention of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP). Results Compared with the control group, the mRNA and protein expression levels of INH α and INH βB in the testis tissue decreased, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The LBP intervention group can significantly increase the expression level, and the difference is statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion The decrease of INHα and INHβB expression caused by Cy exposure indicates that Cy has a toxic effect on the testis of rats, and the addition of LBP has a certain protective effect on the testis of rats. Background In recent years, studies have shown that cyfluthrin is harmful to the reproductive system. Lycium barbarum polysaccharide may be a protective agent. Objective To investigate the effect of cyfluthrin (Cy) on testosterone B (inhibin B, INHB) in male rats and the intervention of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP). Results Compared with the control group, the mRNA and protein expression levels of INH α and INH βB in the testis tissue decreased, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The LBP intervention group can significantly increase the expression level, and the difference is statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion The decrease of INHα and INHβB expression caused by Cy exposure indicates that Cy has a toxic effect on the testis of rats, and the addition of LBP has a certain protective effect on the testis of rats.

Preparation and immobilization of zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanoparticles on polyvinylidene fluoride pellets for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue in wastewater

Guo, Jing,Khan, Sovann,Cho, So-Hye,Kim, Jeonghwan Elsevier 2019 APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE - Vol.473 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>ZnS nanoparticles with 90 nm diameter were synthesized by low-temperature method and immobilized onto the surface of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) pellets prepared by phase inversion method. Results by FTIR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the ZnS nanoparticles were immobilized tightly on the PVDF surface without their release and losing photocatalytic activity. The UV-absorption spectra showed that the PVDF matrix had no adverse effect on the optical properties of ZnS nanoparticles. Due to large size (5 mm) and excellent mechanical stability, the PVDF-ZnS pellets could be easily dispersed in the photocatalytic reactor treating methylene blue solution. The removal efficiency of the methylene blue with the PVDF-ZnS pellets was higher (more than 95%) than that observed by the control PVDF pellets or ZnS nanoparticles tested. No change in the removal efficiency was observed as the PVDF-ZnS pellets were reused by performing photocatalytic tests at the same experimental conditions repeatedly.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> ZnS nanoparticles were synthesized by low-temperature precipitation method. </LI> <LI> ZnS nanoparticles were deposited on PVDF pellets by phase inversion method. </LI> <LI> PVDF-ZnS pellets showed high photocatalytic activity for removal of organic dye. </LI> <LI> PVDF-ZnS pellets were dispersed easily in photocatalytic reactor treating organic dye. </LI> <LI> PVDF-ZnS pellets had a mechanical strength without losing ZnS nanoparticles. </LI> </UL> </P>

Analysis of Cyclin E1 Functions in Porcine Preimplantation Embryonic Development by Fluorescence Microscopy

Guo, Jing,Shin, Kyung-Tae,Cui, Xiang-Shun Cambridge University Press 2017 Microscopy and Microanalysis Vol.23 No.1

<B>Abstract</B><P>Cyclin E1 (CCNE1) is a core component of cell cycle regulation that drives the transition into the S phase. CCNE1 plays critical roles in cell cycle, cell proliferation, and cellular functions. However, the function of CCNE1 in early embryonic development is limited. In the present study, the function and expression of <I>Ccne1</I> in porcine early parthenotes were examined. Immunostaining experiments showed that CCNE1 localized in the nucleus, starting at the four-cell stage. Knockdown of <I>Ccne1</I> by double-stranded RNA resulted in the failure of blastocyst formation and induced blastocyst apoptosis. <I>Ccne1</I> depletion increased expression of the pro-apoptotic gene <I>Bax</I>, and decreased the expression of <I>Oct4</I> and the rate of inner cell mass (ICM)/trophectoderm formation. The results indicated that CCNE1 affects blastocyst formation by inducing cell apoptosis and ICM formation during porcine embryonic development.</P>

Identification and Epigenetic Analysis of a Maternally Imprinted Gene Qpct

Guo, Jing,He, Hongjuan,Liu, Qi,Zhang, Fengwei,Lv, Jie,Zeng, Tiebo,Gu, Ning,Wu, Qiong Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology 2015 Molecules and cells Vol.38 No.10

Most imprinted genes are concerned with embryonic development, especially placental development. Here, we identified a placenta-specific imprinted gene Qpct. Our results show that Qpct is widely expressed during early embryonic development and can be detected in the telecephalon, midbrain, and rhombencephalon at E9.5-E11.5. Moreover, Qpct is strikingly expressed in the brain, lung and liver in E15.5. Expression signals for Qpct achieved a peak at E15.5 during placental development and were only detected in the labyrinth layer in E15.5 placenta. ChIP assay results suggest that the modification of histone H3K4me3 can result in maternal activating of Qpct.

Crystallographic Characterizations of Eutectic and Secondary Carbides in a Fe-12Cr-2.5Mo-1.5W-3V-1.25C Alloy

Jing Guo,Ligang Liu,Yunli Feng,Sha Liu,Xuejun Ren,Qingxiang Yang 대한금속·재료학회 2017 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.23 No.2

In this work, the morphology and structures of the eutectic and secondary carbides in a new high chromiumFe-12Cr-2.5Mo-1.5W-3V-1.25C designed for cold-rolling work roll were systematically studied. The precipitatedcarbides inside the grains and along the grain boundaries were investigated with optical microscope,scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy andX-Ray diffraction. Selected area diffraction patterns have been successfully used to identify the crystal formationand lattice constants of the carbides with different alloying elements. The results show that the eutectic carbidesprecipitated contain MC and M2C distributed along the grain boundaries with dendrite feature. The compositionand crystal structure analysis shows that the eutectic MC carbides contain VC and WC with a cubic and hexagonalcrystal lattice structures respectively, while the eutectic M2C carbides predominantly contain V2C and Mo2Cwith orthorhombic and hexagonal crystal lattices respectively. The secondary carbides contain MC, M2C,M7C3 formed along the grain boundaries and their sizes are much larger than the eutectic carbides ones. The secondary M23C6 is much small (0.3-0.5μm) and is distributed dispersively inside the grain. Similar tothe eutectic carbides, the secondary carbides also contain VC, WC, V2C, and Mo2C. M7C3 is hexagonal(Fe,Cr)7C3, while M23C6 is indexed to be in a cubic crystal form.

A comparison of the fracture resistances of endodontically treated mandibular premolars restored with endocrowns and glass fiber postcore retained conventional crowns

Jing Guo,Zhiming Wang,Xuesheng Li,Chaoyang Sun,Erdong Gao,Hongbo Li 대한치과보철학회 2016 The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics Vol.8 No.6

PURPOSE This in-vitro study aimed to evaluate the fracture resistances and failure modes of endodontically treated mandibular premolars restored with endocrowns and conventional post-core retained crowns. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty mandibular premolars were assigned into three groups (n=10): GI, intact teeth; GE, teeth with endocrowns; GC, teeth with conventional post-core supported crowns. Except for the teeth in group GI, all specimens were cut to 1.5 mm above the cementoenamel junction and endodontically treated. Both endocrowns and conventional crowns were fabricated from lithium-disilicate blocks using a CEREC 3D CAD/CAM unit. All specimens were subjected to thermocycling and then to 45° oblique compressive load until fracture occurred. The fracture resistance and failure mode of each specimen were recorded. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and LSD Post Hoc Test (α=.05). RESULTS The fracture resistances of GE and GC were significantly lower than that of GI (P<.01), while no significant difference was found between GE and GC (P=.702). As of the failure mode, most of the specimens in GE and GC were unfavorable while a higher occurrence of favorable failure mode was presented in GI. CONCLUSION For the restoration of mandibular premolar, endocrown shows no advantage in fracture resistance when compared with the conventional method. Both of the two methods cannot rehabilitate endodontically treated teeth with the same fracture resistances that intact mandibular premolars have.

Association Between C1019T Polymorphism in the Connexin 37 Gene and Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Patients with Gastric Cancer

Jing, Yuan-Ming,Guo, Su-Xia,Zhang, Xiao-Ping,Sun, Ai-Jing,Tao, Feng,Qian, Hai-Xin Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.5

Objective: To investigate the association between the connexin 37 C1019T polymorphism and Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with gastric cancer. Methods: 388 patients with gastric cancer (GC), 204 with chronic superficial gastritis (CSG) were studied. H. pylori was detected by gastric mucosal biopsies biopsy dyeing method. Connexin 37 gene polymorphism 1019 site genotypes were determined by gene sequencing technology. Genotypes and alleles frequencies were compared. Results: (1) Connexin37 gene 1019 site distribution frequency (CC type, TC type, TT type) in the CSG group was 18.1%, 45.1% and 36.8%; in the stomach cancer group it was 35.1%, 45.9% and 19.%, conforming to the Hardy-Weinberg euilibrium. (2) In comparison with CSG group, the frequency of Connexin37 C allele was higher in the gastric cancer group (58.0% vs 40.7%, OR = 2.01, 95%CI = 1.58-2.57, P < 0.01). The prevalence of gastric cancer risk was significantly increased in the carriers of C allele (CC+TC) than in TT homozygote (OR = 2.47, 5%CI = 1.68- 3.610. (3) Gastric cancer patients complicated with Hp infection 211 cases, gastric cancer group of the male patients with HP positive patients with 187 cases, 40 cases of female patients with negative patients, 24 cases were HP positive, negative in 137 cases, control group male patients, 28 cases were Hp positive, negative in 95 patients, female patients with Hp positive 6 cases, 75 cases were negative. On hierarchical analysis, the male group OR value was 15.9 (95%CI to 9.22-27.3), and the female OR was 2.19 (95%CI 0.88-5.59), indicating a greater contribution in males (P <0.01). After elimination of gender effects, positive HP and gastric cancer were closely related (OR 8.82, 95% CI: 5.45-14.3). (4) The distribution frequency of C allele in patients with Hp infection was much higher than that in Hp negative cases in the GC group (64.5% vs 47.0%, OR = 2.05, 95%CI = 1.54-2.74, P < 0.01). Compared with TT homozygotes, (CC+TC) genotype prevalence of gastric cancer risk increased significantly (OR = 2.96, 5%CI = 1.76-2.99 ). Conclusion: The T allele in the connexin37 gene might not only be associated with gastric cancer but also with H. pylori infection.

Identification and Epigenetic Analysis of a Maternally Imprinted Gene Qpct

Jing Guo,Qiong Wu,Hongjuan He,Qi Liu,Fengwei Zhang,Jie Lv,Tiebo Zeng,Ning Gu 한국분자세포생물학회 2015 Molecules and cells Vol.38 No.10

Most imprinted genes are concerned with embryonic development, especially placental development. Here, we identified a placenta-specific imprinted gene Qpct. Our results show that Qpct is widely expressed during early embryonic development and can be detected in the telecephalon, midbrain, and rhombencephalon at E9.5-E11.5. Moreover, Qpct is strikingly expressed in the brain, lung and liver in E15.5. Expression signals for Qpct achieved a peak at E15.5 during placental development and were only detected in the labyrinth layer in E15.5 placenta. ChIP assay results suggest that the modification of histone H3K4me3 can result in maternal activating of Qpct.