Nurses' management of older patients with post-anesthesia delirium: A Q methodology approach

Kang,Minyeong(Minyeong Kang),Kim,Eun Young(Eun Young Kim),Chang,Sung Ok(Sung Ok Chang) 한국노인간호학회 2022 노인간호학회지 Vol.24 No.4

Purpose: This is an analysis of the experiences of nurses in Post Anesthesia Care Units (PACUs) in caring for older patients with emergence delirium using the Q-methodology. Methods: The Q-methodology, which is used to explore and understand human subjectivity, was applied. Thirty nurses who had experiences in providing nursing for delirium in older patients after surgery in a PACU participated in this study. Results: This study revealed three factors regarding the frame of reference of PACU nurses in detecting and managing older patients' emergence delirium: “detect the deviant changes leading to instability”, “focus on the patient’s degree of cognitive recovery within the framework of recovery time”, and “awareness of possible clues based on the patient’s underlying disease(s)”. Conclusion: These findings are expected to be utilized as a basis for more practical and accessible PACU nurse delirium education that reflects nurses’ subjective viewpoints explained by the three identified factors.

북서태평양에 서식하는 살오징어(Todarodes pacificus) 계군 분석에 대한 고찰

김정연,문창호,윤문근,강창근,김경렬,나태희,최은정,이충일,Kim, Jeong-Yun,Moon, Chang-Ho,Yoon, Moon-Geun,Kang, Chang-Keun,Kim, Kyung-Ryul,Na, Taehee,Choy, Eun Jung,Lee, Chung Il 한국해양학회 2012 바다 Vol.17 No.4

This paper reviews comparison analysis of current and latest application for stock identification methods of Todarodes pacificus, and the pros and cons of each method and consideration of how to compensate for each other. Todarodes pacificus which migrates wide areas in western North Pacific is important fishery resource ecologically and commercially. Todarodes pacificus is also considered as 'biological indicator' of ocean environmental changes. And changes in its short and long term catch and distribution area occur along with environmental changes. For example, while the catch of pollack, a cold water fish, has dramatically decreased until today after the climate regime shift in 1987/1988, the catch of Todarodes pacificus has been dramatically increased. Regarding the decrease in pollack catch, overfishing and climate changes were considered as the main causes, but there has been no definite reason until today. One of the reasons why there is no definite answer is related with no proper analysis about ecological and environmental aspects based on stock identification. Subpopulation is a group sharing the same gene pool through sexual reproduction process within limited boundaries having similar ecological characteristics. Each individual with same stock might be affected by different environment in temporal and spatial during the process of spawning, recruitment and then reproduction. Thereby, accurate stock analysis about the species can play an efficient alternative to comply with effective resource management and rapid changes. Four main stock analysis were applied to Todarodes pacificus: Morphologic Method, Ecological Method, Tagging Method, Genetic Method. Ecological method is studies for analysis of differences in spawning grounds by analysing the individual ecological change, distribution, migration status, parasitic state of parasite, kinds of parasite and parasite infection rate etc. Currently the method has been studying lively can identify the group in the similar environment. However It is difficult to know to identify the same genetic group in each other. Tagging Method is direct method. It can analyse cohort's migration, distribution and location of spawning, but it is very difficult to recapture tagged squids and hard to tag juveniles. Genetic method, which is for useful fishery resource stock analysis has provided the basic information regarding resource management study. Genetic method for stock analysis is determined according to markers' sensitivity and need to select high multiform of genetic markers. For stock identification, isozyme multiform has been used for genetic markers. Recently there is increase in use of makers with high range variability among DNA sequencing like mitochondria, microsatellite. Even the current morphologic method, tagging method and ecological method played important rolls through finding Todarodes pacificus' life cycle, migration route and changes in spawning grounds, it is still difficult to analyze the stock of Todarodes pacificus as those are distributed in difference seas. Lately, by taking advantages of each stock analysis method, more complicated method is being applied. If based on such analysis and genetic method for improvement are played, there will be much advance in management system for the resource fluctuation of Todarodes pacificus. 본 종설논문은 살오징어의 기존 및 최근에 새롭게 적용되고 있는 계군 분석방법들을 비교 분석하여 각 분석방법의 장단점과 분석방법간의 상호보완에 대하여 고찰하였다. 살오징어는 북서태평양의 넓은 지역을 회유하는 어종으로 생태계 및 상업적으로 중요한 자원이다. 살오징어는 해양환경변화의 생물학적 지표로서의 가능성을 평가 받고 있으며, 장단기적인 어획량 및 분포역의 변화가 환경 변화와 함께 나타난다. 예를 들어, 1987/1988 무렵에 발생한 기후체제전환 이후 한류성 어종으로 분류되는 명태의 어획량은 급감하여 현재까지 그 영향이 지속되고 있는 반면, 살 오징어 어획량은 크게 증가하였다. 현재까지 명태 어획량의 감소에 대하여 남획과 기후변화에 초점이 맞추어진 해석이 있으나, 뚜렷한 원인 분석은 이루어지지 않고 있다. 그 이유 중 한 가지는 계군 분석에 근거한 생태, 환경적 측면에 대한 정확한 원인 분석이 이루어지지 않고 있는 것과 관련이 된다. 계군은 유사한 생물학적 특징을 가진 개체들이 제한된 영역 내에서 유성생식과정을 통하여 동일한 유전자 풀(gene pool)을 공유하는 집단으로, 동일 계군을 형성하는 개체들은 산란에서 자원으로 가입 후 다시 재생산 과정에 이르기까지 시간 및 공간적으로 각기 다른 환경의 영향을 받을 수 있다. 따라서, 종에 대한 정확한 계군 분석은 자원의 효과적인 관리 및 급격한 변화에 대한 중요한 대응 방안의 역할을 할 수 있다. 살오징어 계군 분석에 적용된 주요 방법은 크게 4가지로 형태학적 방법, 생태학적 방법, 표지방류법, 유전학적 방법이 있다. 형태학적인 방법은 분석방법이 가장 간단하고 다수의 개체를 비교적 쉽게 분석할 수 있지만 각 형질들은 성장기간 동안 환경에 의해 영향을 많이 받게 되어 개체간의 차이가 생긴다. 생태학적 방법은 주로 개체의 생리적인 변화와 분포 및 회유상태, 기생충의 기생상태나 종류 및 기생률 등을 분석, 산란장의 차이를 알아보는 연구이며, 현재 활발히 연구되고 있는 방법으로 유사한 환경에서 생활하는 집단을 알 수 있지만 유전적으로 같은 집단인지는 알기 어렵다. 표지방류법은 직접적인 방법으로 계군의 회유 및 분포, 산란장의 위치를 파악할 수 있지만 수거가 어렵고 초기 단계에는 표식을 하기 어렵다. 수산생물의 계군 분석을 위한 유전학적 방법은 자원관리학적 연구에 관한 기본적 정보를 제공해 왔다. 계군 분석을 위한 유전학적 방법은 이에 사용하는 유전자 마커(marker)의 감도에 따라 결정되며, 유전자 마커의 다형성이 높은 것을 선택해야 한다. 계군 분석을 위한 유전자 마커로는 오랜 기간 동안 동위효소 다형이 사용되어졌으며, 최근에는 mitochondria, microsatellite와 같이 DNA 염기배열 중에서도 변이성이 높은 영역을 선택하여 마커로 이용한 연구가 증가되고 있다. 기존의 형태학적 방법, 표지방류법, 생태학적인 방법들은 살오징어의 생활사, 회유경로, 산란장의 변화 등을 밝혀내어 계군을 파악하는데 많은 기여를 하였지만 여전히 각 해역에 분포하는 살오징어의 계군을 파악하기에는 어려움이 있다. 최근에는 기존의 계군 분석이 지닌 장단점을 비교 분석하여 복합적인 방법의 계군 분석이 이루어지며, 이러한 정보들을 바탕으로 유전학적 방법을 보완한다면 살오징어 자원의 변동에 대한 관리 방안을 마련하는데 도움을 줄 것이다.

6-OHDA가 흰쥐 등쪽솔기핵내 도파민성 신경세포와 별아교세포에 미치는 영향

홍은석(Eun Seog Hong),남성안(Seong Ahn Nam),조승묵(Seung Mook Jo),강태천(Tae-Cheon Kang),원무호(Moo Ho Won),최창도(Chang Do Choi) 대한해부학회 1999 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.32 No.4

신경독성물질인 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)이 중추신경계통 내 도파민성 신경세포에 미치는 영향과 이에 따른 별아교 세포들의 반응을 형태학적으로 규명하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 흰쥐의 가쪽뇌실에 6-OHDA를 투여한 후 면역조직화학 염색을 시행하여 광학현미경 하에서 등쪽솔기핵 내 도파민성 신경세포에 나타나는 퇴행성변화와 주위 별아교세포들의 반응양상 등을 경시적으로 제 3일, 제 5일, 제10일 및 제20일에서 관찰하였던 바 아래와 같은 결과를 얻었다. 6-OHDA에 의한 도파민성 신경세포의 퇴행성변화는 약물투여후 제 3일군에서 세포돌기가 팽대되고, 제 5일군과 제 10일군에서는 세포돌기의 소실과 함께 세포체가 위축되었고, 제20일군에서는 세포체가 소실되었다. 또한 6-OHDA에 의해 도파민성 신경세포들의 손상이 진행되면서 별아교세포들의 반응양상은 제 5일에서 대조군에 비해 급격하게 증가하였으며, 제20일에 이르러 최고값을 보였다. 이상의 결과로부터 6-OHDA가 중추신경계통 내 도파민성 신경세포들에 선택적이고 강한 세포독성을 유발하여 퇴행성 변화가 진행되고, 세포 손상이 시간 경과에 따라 진행되면서 주위의 별아교세포들이 지속적으로 증가된 활동을 보인다는 사실을 알게 되었다. This study was designed to clarify the cytotoxic effects of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on the dopaminergic neurons and astrocytes in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), and to investigate neurodegenerative changes by immunohistochemistry. Adult male rats (Sprague-Dawley strain) weighing from 250 to 350 g were used as experimental animals. 6-OHDA (100 μg dissolved in 0.1% ascorbic acid) was injected into the lateral ventricle of the rat brain with the Hamilton syringe. The control rats were treated with the similar volume of 0.1 % ascorbic acid. The rats were sacrificed at the 3rd, 5th, 10th and 20th day, respectively, after the injection of 6-OHDA. The cytotoxicity of 6-OHDA resulted in severe neurodegeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the DRN. In the 3rd day, the dopaminergic fibers were dilated. In the 5th and 10th days, the dopaminergic fibers were depleted, and dopaminergic cell bodies were shrunken. In the 20th day, the dopaminergic cell bodies were almost completely disappeared. Astroglial reactions induced by 6-OHDA were also observed in the DRN. In the 5th day, astrocytes were significantly increased as compared with that of the control value. The value were reached at its maximum by the 20th day. Based on the present results, it suggests that 6-OHDA may act as a specific neurotoxin to dopaminergic neurons in the DRN, and induce severe neurodegenerative changes. Also, it suggests that the astroglial reaction in the DRN is gradually activated during the neurodegerative changes

만성 신부전증 환자의 중증 고혈당에 따른 의식변화 결핍에 대한 연구

박은주,강성귀,한상웅,김호중,이창범,임천규,박성광,윤경택,위형중,안유헌 대한신장학회 2000 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.19 No.6

In diabetic patients who were being treated with hemodialysis, coma and other neurological deficits did not occur in spite of extremely elevated serum glucose levels. In this report, we compared diabetic patients with renal failure in severe hyperglycemia with nonketotic hyperosmolar coma patients with normal renal function to know what affect mental changes. Mental changes were not present in diabetic patients with renal failure. These patients with renal failure showed more severe hyperglycemia, but corrected serum sodium concentration and calculated effective serum osmolality were low. So it is suggested that corrected serum sodium concentration and effective serum osmolality are more important factor affecting mental changes than high blood glucose levels in diabetic patients with renal failure, due to absence of osmotic diuresis.

소매틱스 프로그램이 고등학생의 자세인식과 신체적 · 심리적 요인에 미치는 영향

강대성(Kang, Dae-Sung),권인선(Kwon, In-Seon),곽은창(Kwak, Eun-Chang) 한국체육교육학회 2017 한국체육교육학회지 Vol.22 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 소매틱스(Somatic) 프로그램을 적용하여 고등학생들의 자세인식과 통증의 변화를 분석하고 신체적, 심리적 변화과정을 탐색하는데 있었다. 연구대상은 서울시 소재 1개 고교의 학생 25명을 목적적으로 선정하였으며 학생들의 자세인식과 통증정도를 파악하였다. 이후 소매틱스 프로그램을 주 2회 1시간씩 총 4주에 걸쳐 8차시를 실행한 후 자료수집이 완료되었다. 자료분석 도구는 학생들의 자세 인식 분석을 위해 개방 설문지와 심층면담, 차시가 거듭됨에 따라 나타나는 심리, 신체적 변화를 파악하기 위해 학생일지가 이용되었다. 사전-사후검사에 따른 변화를 검증하기 위한 자료처리는 SPSS 18.0 통계 패키지가 이용되었으며 통계적 유의수준은 .05에서 설정되었다. 자료분석 결과는 아래와 같이 나타났다. 첫째, 소매틱스 프로그램은 학생들의 자세인식 변화와 통증개선에 긍정적 효과를 나타냈다. 둘째, 신체적 변화과정에서 호흡, 긴장, 통증 요인은 감소하였고 신체인지 능력이 높아졌다. 셋째, 심리적 변화과정에서는 심리적 안정요인은 감소하였고 자세인식, 집중력, 흥미요인이 증가하였으며, 그 중 자세인식 요인이 가장 많은 증가율을 나타냈다. 본 연구는 소매틱스 프로그램이 학생들의 자세인식과 통증개선에 효과적이며, 학생들에게 신체인지능력을 향상시킨다는 도움이 된다는 사실을 보여주었다. 따라서 소매틱스 프로그램이 학교 체육교육의 한 프로그램으로서 제공될만한 가치가 충분함을 나타내고 있다. 특히 다양한 자세문제와 기능적 불편함이나 장애를 갖고 있는 학생들에게 더욱 유용할 것임을 강조하고 있다. 아울러 본 기술연구는 자세교육의 중요성과 소매틱스를 활용한 실천적 자세교육의 중요성에 대한 인식제고와 실천의 장이 시급하다는 사실을 나타내고 있다. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the high school students’ postural perspectives and pain. Methods: The subjects for this study were 25 high school students who purposively selected at A high school in Seoul metropolitan area. Before conducting somatics programs, pretest was applied to determine the students’ postural perspectives and pain. Somatics program was conducted two times a week through 4 weeks. Posttest was conducted after total 8 classes were completed. Somatics programs included total 9 items. PASW(Predictive Analytics Software) Statistics 18.0 program was utilized and statistical alpha level was set at .05. Chi-square analysis was used to determine students’ posture perspectives and t-test was conducted to determine the rate of pain through pre and post-test. Students’ diary and participation record were used to analyze students’ physical and psychological changes. Results: The results of this study shows that somatics program was positively effective to enhance students’ postural perspectives. Somatics also contribute to students’ pain reliefs. Students’ physical change was significantly showed in breathing, tension, and pain reliefs. physical awareness also improved. In psychological change, concentration, interest, and postural perspectives were notably improved. Conclusion: The study strongly suggests that somatics can be applied as a one of school physical education programs. It clearly will be benefited for the students who suffers various postural problems and functional ineffectiveness.

국내 에스닉 레스토랑(ethnic restaurant) 현황의 관한 연구

권혜은(hye eun Kwon),장광집(kang chib Chang) 경희대학교 산학협력단 예술디자인연구원 2016 예술· 디자인학연구 Vol.19 No.2

본 연구는 국내 에스닉 레스토랑 기업 위주로 연구하여한국에 에스닉 레스토랑에 동향을 알아가는 것을 목적으로 한다. 국내 에스닉 레스토랑 중 가장 인지도 및 선호도가 높은 베트남, 인도, 태국을 선정하여 2000년 에스닉 레스토랑이 인기를 얻고 난 뒤 현재 상황이 어떻게유지되어지고 있고 향후 어떻게 변화 될 것 인지 예측하였다. 크게 두 가지로 대기업과 중견기업을 나누어 조사를 하였다. 대기업은 세부적인 기업 안에서의 동태를 파악하여 지금의 상황을 파악하였고, 중견기업은 점포수에변화를 수치화 시켜 현재 상황을 파악하여 앞으로 에스닉 레스토랑에 방향을 예상해보았다. 결론적으로 대기업에서 에스닉한 분위기와 고급화 전략을 이용하여 많은매장보다는 1,2점을 전문적으로 개장하였고, 매장을 차리지 않고 기존에 있는 매장에 메뉴를 더하여 에스닉 푸드유행을 따라 갔다. 현재 대기업은 우리나라에 에스닉 푸드를 중점을 두는 것이 아니라 한식의 세계화를 목적으로 외국에 한국 음식을 에스닉 푸드로 알리고 있는 추세이다. 그런 반면 중견기업에서는 에스닉 푸드 전문점을프렌차이즈 식으로 차려지는 경우가 많아 점포수를 와브랜드 수의 증가 추세를 비교해본 결과 점포수는 증가를 하는 반면 브랜드 수는 점차 줄어드는 것을 확인 할수 있었다. 이것으로 유행에 의해 뒤따라 많아진 에스닉레스토랑들이 우리나라에 정착하기 시작하면서 인기 있는 브랜드만 남아 사람들에게 보편화되고 확산되고 있다는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. This study have purpose that figure out the ethnic restaurant trend through food enterprise in Korea. Currently Korean people are preferring the Vietnamese food, Indian food and Thai food. those food are the most famous ethnic food in Korea as well as in American. so I want to know that the ethnic restaurant’s prospect of future through this study. Before I started this study I separated two section. first one is major company and the other is small and medium- sized enterprises. and I researched information about those company and than I made researched information to digitize. thought this study, I noticed the 3 fact about major company. at first, major company made effort to export the Korean food. secondly, the major have small restaurant related with ethnic food not like a franchise. they carried forward gentrification strategy. thirdly, if some major company don’t have ethnic restaurant, they made the menu relate with ethnic food. on the other hand, the small and medium – sized enterprises had different aspect with major. they have many restaurant like franchise. but there was active change. the change is the brand number was getting lose but restaurant number was gathering. through this fact, we can predict that the ethnic restaurant was disappeared except famous restaurant. but the famous ethnic restaurant was stable and grownup.

의치상 직접 이장레진의 색조 안정성

강은숙,전영찬,정창모,Kang Eun-Sook,Jeon Young-Chan,Jeong Chang-Mo 대한치과보철학회 2003 대한치과보철학회지 Vol.41 No.2

Statement of problem : Direct denture reline resins tend to discolor during service in the oral environment by intrinsic and extrinsic factor. Purpose : This study was designed to evaluate the color stability of direct denture reline resins. Material and methods : Mild Rebaron(GC Corp., Japan), Meta Base M(Sun medical Co., Japan), Mild Rebaron LC(GC Corp., Japan) and as a control group, Vertex SC(Dentimex Zeist, Holland) were chosen for this study. Ten specimens of each direct denture reline resins were fabricated. Treatment methods designed for this study were the coffee staining test(7days) and the accelerated aging test(100hours). The color changes before and after treatment were measured by Tristimulous colorimeter(Yasuda seiki seisakusho, Ltd. Japan) and analyzed. Results All the direct denture reline resins subjected to the coffee staining test and the accelerated aging test showed noticible difference in color change. After coffee staining test, Meta Base M showed the highest color change followed by Vertex SC. Mild Rebaron LC and Mild Rebaron. There were no statistical differences between Meta Base M and Vertex SC and between Mild Rebaron LC and Mild Rebaron(p>0.05). After accelerated aging test. Mild Rebaron LC showed the highest color change followed by Vertex SC, Meta Base M and Mild Rebaron. There were no statistical differences only between Mild Rebaron and Mata Base M(p>0.05) but among the others, there were statistical differences(p<0.05). Conclusion : Within the limitation of this study, all the direct denture reline resins subjected to the extrinsic and intrinsic factors showed noticible difference in color change, and there were differences among manufacturers.

신정부 과학기술정책 방향 모색

홍성주(Sung Joo Hong),이다은(Da Eun Lee),홍창의(Chang Ui Hong),강민지(Min Ji Kang),우청원(Chung Won Woo),강홍렬,전찬미 과학기술정책연구원 2017 정책연구 Vol.- No.-

With the presidential election in 2017 as a momentum, many people in science and engineering and social organizations gave various science and technology policy proposals. Most of them were reflected in each party’s election pledges. The media also covered lots of science and technology policy issues, which mainly included agendas reflecting the voices of the fields of R&D like research autonomy and people-oriented investment. This task aims to understand how the landscape of science and technology policies changed in an era of political change. To achieve this, we pursued to answer three research questions. First, how are we going to look at the vitalization of science and technology policy issues that occurred in the presidential election and its results? Second, what was it like in the past? Did the previous governments faithfully carry out their science and technology pledges in their science and technology policies? Third, what is the blind spot of policies that failed to attract attention or became a dilemma despite the change in science and technology policies? In order to answer these questions, the research team analyzed the way of establishing the window for science and technology policies during the presidential election in 2017, while also looked at the path taken for science and technology pledges to be implemented as policies during the past 15 years after the Rho Moo Hyun Government. The analysis results showed that we need to take largely four different approaches to science and technology issues. From the medium and long term perspective, it can be divided into issues that need access, issues that need enhancement, issues that need to gain political interests and issues that need to improve rationality. The research team’s results presented important perspective and methodology of looking at science and technology policy by not only being applied as a standard and means, but also provided a framework for devising various methods and means by policy issue. Hopefully, our researches are helpful in the planning and implementation of science and technology policy by the new government, which will be inaugurated in May 2017.

A Case of Occupational Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Associated with Trichloroethylene

Jae, Young,Hwang, Eu Dong,Leem, Ah Young,Kang, Beo Deul,Chang, Soo Yun,Kim, Ho Keun,Park, In Kyu,Kim, Song Yee,Kim, Eun Young,Jung, Ji Ye,Kang, Young Ae,Park, Moo Suk,Kim, Young Sam,Kim, Se Kyu,Chang, The Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory 2014 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.76 No.2

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a toxic chemical commonly used as a degreasing agent, and it is usually found in a colorless or blue liquid form. TCE has a sweet, chloroform-like odor, and this volatile chlorinated organic chemical can cause toxic hepatitis, neurophysiological disorders, skin disorders, and hypersensitivity syndromes. However, the hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) attributed to TCE has rarely been reported. We hereby describe a case of HP associated with TCE in a 29-year-old man who was employed as a lead welder at a computer repair center. He was installing the capacitors on computer chip boards and had been wiped down with TCE. He was admitted to our hospital with complaints of dry coughs, night sweats, and weight losses for the past two months. HP due to TCE exposure was being suspected due to his occupational history, and the results of a video-associated thoracoscopic biopsy confirmed the suspicions. Symptoms have resolved after the steroid pulse therapy and his occupational change. TCE should be taken into consideration as a potential trigger of HP. Early recognition and avoidance of the TCE exposure in the future is important for the treatment of TCE induced HP.

Expression of cellular retinoic acid-binding protein-I (CRABP-I) in the cerebrospinal fluid of adult onset moyamoya disease and its association with clinical presentation and postoperative haemodynamic change

Jeon, Jin Sue,Ahn, Jun Hyong,Moon, Youn-joo,Cho, Won-Sang,Son, Young-Je,Kim, Seung-Ki,Wang, Kyu-Chang,Bang, Jae Seung,Kang, Hyun-Seung,Kim, Jeong Eun,Oh, Chang Wan BMJ Publishing Group Ltd 2014 Journal of neurology, neurosurgery and psychiatry Vol.85 No.7

<P><B>Objective</B></P><P>The elevation of cellular retinoic acid-binding protein-I (CRABP-I) has been suggested as a candidate in the pathogenesis of paediatric moyamoya disease (MMD). However, few studies have addressed CRABP-I in adult onset MMD. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of CRABP-I in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of adult onset MMD, and to evaluate its association with clinical presentation and postoperative haemodynamic change.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>This study examined the CSF from 103 patients: bilateral MMD, n=58 (56.3%); unilateral MMD, n=19 (18.4%); atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease (ACVD), n=21 (20.4%); and control group, n=5 (4.9%). The intensity of CRABP-I was confirmed by western blotting and expressed as the median (25th–75th percentile). The differences in CRABP-I expression according to disease entity (unilateral MMD vs bilateral MMD vs ACVD), initial presenting symptoms (haemorrhage vs ischaemia) and postoperative haemodynamic change (vascular reserve in single photon emission CT and basal collateral vessels in digital subtraction angiography) were analysed.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>CRABP-I intensities in bilateral MMD (1.45(0.86–2.52)) were significantly higher than in unilateral MMD (0.91(0.78–1.20)) (p=0.044) or ACVD (0.85(0.66–1.11)) (p=0.004). No significant differences were noted based on the initial presenting symptoms (p=0.687). CRABP-I was not associated with improvement in vascular reserve (p=0.327), but with decrease in basal collateral vessels (p=0.023) postoperatively.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>Higher CRABP-I in the CSF can be associated with typical bilateral MMD pathogenesis in adults. Additionally, postoperative basal collateral change may be related to the degree of CRABP-I expression.</P>