국회의원 지역선거구 획정에 대한 법사회학적 고찰 : 루만의 『사회와 법』에 기초하여

정호영 ( Chung Ho Young ) 연세대학교 법학연구원 공공거버넌스와 법센터 2016 연세 공공거버넌스와 법 Vol.7 No.1

루만은 사회에 관한 형이상학적 및 존재론적 관념을 부정한다. 그 대신 사회적 체계가 존재한다는 기본 명제에 기반하여, 모든 인식되는 체계들은 현실세계에서 현실체계로서 작동한다는 데서 출발한다. 루만은 칠레 출신 생물학자인 마투라나와 바렐라의 생물학적인 관념으로서 `오토포이에시스`(Autopoiesis) 라는 관념을 받아들여 1970년대 이후에는 자기준거적이고 자기생산적인 체계이론으로 이행하여 『사회의 법』(1997)을 서술하였다. 루만은 근대에 통용되었던 법의 실정성 개념을 대체하기 위하여 사실상으로 수행된 법적 커뮤니케이션으로서의 작동들의 연관성인 체계 이론을 법체계관찰의 수단으로 제시한다. 체계는 폐쇄성이라 부르는 재귀적 상호연결에 힘입을 때에만 가능할 수 있는 독자적인 작동을 수행하면서 환경과의 관계를 형성한다. 법체계의 규범적 폐쇄성과 인지적 개방성은 조건 프로그램을 통하여 결합하여 사실로부터 결정을 연역하는 것이 가능해진다. 법체계는 특수한 문제만을 지향하도록 기능적으로 특화되고 법체계의 작동들은 긍정적 가치(법)와 부정적 가치(불법)에 귀속되도록 하는 이항적 코드로 분류된다. 이에 더하여 법의 효력은 체계의 규범적 기대에 연결하여 법적 작동들이 재귀적인 맥락에 자신을 포함시키는 하나의 형식으로 기능하고, 평등 원칙은 체계의 통일성을 더한다. 루만에 의하면, 법체계가 법/불법의 코드화를 지향하는 점에 있어서 다른 결정이라는 대안에 대한 사고를 하는 정치체계와 분화된다. 입법이란 정치가 법으로 전환하는 지점이며, 정치에 대한 법적 제한이 이루어지는 지점으로서, 새로 제정된 법률이 개입하게 되면서 그 이전의 법적 상태와는 달라진다. 이러한 입법절차에 대하여 규율이 있다면 이는 법적 규율로서 법체계의 구조에 속한다. 루만이 말하는 구조적 연결이란 하나의 체계가 환경의 특정한 속성을 지속적으로 전제하고 구조적으로 여기에 의존되어 있는 것을 말한다. 헌법은 바로 이러한 구조적 연결을 보장하는 형식으로서 법과 정치의 쌍방적인 영향이 국가의 헌법에 규정된 통로에만 한정된다. `위헌`이라는 개념을 통하여 법체계는 자기 자신을 파문할 수 있음으로써 스스로 위법을 선언할 수 있는 메커니즘을 보유하게 되었다. 「공직선거법」은 국회의원 지역선거구의 공정한 획정을 위한 독립적 기구로서 선거구획정위원회를 두고 있고, 동 위원회가 작성한 획정안을 제출받은 국회가 선거구를 확정하는 절차를 규정해놓았다. 연혁적으로 살펴보면 선거구획정위원회의 도입 전에는 전적으로 여야협상으로 선거구 획정이 이뤄졌으나 1994년 선거구획정위원회의 도입 이후 오늘에 이르고 있다. 획정된 국회의원선거구는 여러 정파들의 첨예한 이해관계의 충돌 및 그에 뒤이은 타협의 산물로서 정치체계의 일부로 파악될 수 있으나 루만이 제시한 이항적 코드에 의한 커뮤니케이션 등의 구성요소들에 의하여 빚어진 것이라면 법사회학적 분석의 대상이 될 수 있다. 「공직선거법」은 법체계와 정치체계 사이의 플랫폼 역할을 할 수 있는 것으로서 루만이 이야기한 `헌법`에 속한다. 법제사법위원회의 심사 제한 및 법정절차의 추가 등에 비추어 선거구 획정은 점차 정치에서 법의 영역으로 이동하는 것으로 관찰된다. 다만 실제로는 정치개혁특별위원회에서의 논의나 여야 대표 간의 `빅딜` 여부가 중요한 의미를 가지고 있다면 선거구 획정은 여전히 `정치적 과정`의 일부로 평가될 수밖에 있다. 1995년 이후 헌법재판소가 인구편차의 허용한계를 매개로 평등 원칙을 적용하여 선거구 획정 결과에 대하여 심사를 하고 있기에 법체계로서의 통일성이 제고되는 동시에 체계로서의 중심과 주변부의 분화가 뚜렷해지고 있다. 선거구 획정의 논의는 어떠한 선거구 획정안이 `법`이라는 가치에 귀속된다고 주장하는 커뮤니케이션으로서 그 자체는 법과 불법의 이항적 대립을 요소로 하여 법체계를 구성하는 커뮤니케이션에 해당한다. 「공직선거법」 제25조 제1항은 인지된 사실을 규범적으로 처리하는 조건 프로그램으로서 기능할 수 있다. 「공직선거법」 제24조의2는 독립성의 명문화, 특유한 심사기준의 도입 등으로써 법체계 입장에서 외재적인 정치체계의 영향을 차단하는 역할을 할 수 있다. 그러나 실제에 대한 관찰에 비추어 정치적 커뮤니케이션이 보조적인 역할에 머무른다고 평가되기는 어렵다. Niklas Luhmann who denied the metaphysical and ontological concept insisted that all the identifiable systems are operating in the real world as the real social system. From Chilean biologists Maturana and Varela, he accepted the concept of `Autopoiesis`originated from biology, and established the system theory using self-reference and self-production after 1970s, and wrote 『Das Recht der Gesellschaft』in 1997. As the tool for observing legal system, Luhmann suggested the system theory that operations as legal communications are connected. The system independently operates with recursive mutual connection. so-called `closure` and builds the relation with environment. Normative closure and cognitive openness of legal system are combined by `Conditional Program` and the decision can be deduced from the reality. The legal system is specialized to aim for special matters and legal operations can be classified into binary code, which consists of `legal` and `illegal`. In advance, as a formation, legal force connected with normative expectation of system makes legal communications operated in recursive context. And the principle of equality reinforces the uniformity of legal system. By Luhmann, aiming to being coded to legal/illegal, the legal system is differentiated from the political system pursuing the alternative. The legislation is the point that the political system is transformed into the legal system. The newly legislated law changes the existing legal condition. The regulation to the procedure of legislation belongs to the structure of legal system. The structural connection which Luhmann underlined is that such system consistently premises the specific character of environment and structurally depends on that character. Constitutional Law guarantees that structural connection and the mutual influence between the legal system and the political system are limited to the passage ruled by constitutional law. Through the concept of `unconstitutional`, legal system possesses the mechanism that the system can expel itself and proclaim `illegal`. 「PUBLIC OFFICIAL ELECTION ACT」 includes the provision of Constituency Demarcation Committee as an independent institution for fair demarcation and the provision of procedure of demarcation by National Assembly submitted the demarcation proposal. Historically, demarcation of constituencies for National Assembly members had been made by the negotiation between the ruling and the opposition parties before the establishment of Constituency Demarcation Committee, which was newly introduced in 1994. Demarcated constituencies, of course, can be understood as product of confliction and compromise. However, if it is reconstituted by binary code proposed by Luhmann, it can be observed by the methodology of sociology of law. 「PUBLIC OFFICIAL ELECTION ACT」 belongs to Constitutional Law which Luhmann underlined, because that ACT functions between the legal system and the political system. The shift from the political field to the legal field can be observed in the demarcation of constituencies by the limitation to inspection by Legislation and Judiciary Committee and the addition of statutory procedures. Actually, the discussion in Special Committee for Political Reformation in National Assembly or `Big Deal` between leaders of the ruling and the opposition parties are meaningful, and the demarcation of constituencies has no choice but to be evaluated as a part of `political` procedure. Constitutional adjudication that Constitutional Court has applied the principle of equality through a medium of acceptance limit of declination of population enhances the uniformity of legal system and accelerates the division between the center and the periphery. The argument for the demarcation of constituencies consists of the legal communication, premising the binary opposition between `legal` and `illegal`. 「 PUBLIC OFFICIAL ELECTION ACT」 Article 25 Clause 1 functions as a conditional program normatively handling the cognitive reality. 「PUBLIC OFFICIAL ELECTION ACT」 Article 24-2 blocks the influence of external political system by the stipulation of independence of Committee and the introduction of special standard for inspecting demarcation proposal. Actually, it is hard to evaluate that political communications are merely located as auxiliary role.

법률 텍스트 문장의 문법성

장소원 ( So Won Chang ) 한국텍스트언어학회 2009 텍스트언어학 Vol.27 No.-

The present paper takes as its object of study the sentences from Korea`s representative legal texts, such as provisions, court rulings and public statements of lawyers, and examines their grammaticality. Sentences from these texts are analyzed in terms of three aspects: word choice, use of grammatical elements, and sentence structure. Such analysis shows that, even if the historical and circumstantial elements of Korea`s legal texts are taken into account, these legal texts are still laden with too many problems. In chapter 4, the texts of court rulings are analyzed historically, in terms of their vocabulary and their sentence structure. Such analysis revealed that the greatest change that appeared in the texts of court rulings was the change in vocabulary. On the sentence level, it was observed that as the sentences became modernized, the ending expressions changed, the sentences became shorter, and the use of commas increased.

노사관계에서의 참여법리 : 근로자의 참여를 통한 상생구조의 지향 Towards a New Approach of "Sang-Saeng" Structure

이원희 한국노동법학회 2003 노동법학 Vol.0 No.17

The purpose of this paper is to examine the legal principles of worker's participation with view of "Sang Saeng" structure. "Sang Saeng" means mutual gain or co-existence and is one of oriental traditional basic concepts, that is so called 'Ling and Yang and 5 basic elements' theory, and this paper refers to the problems of the results of neo-liberalists globalization and historical approach and structural approach to the legal principles of worker's participations is stressed. This paper consists of as follows: as a introduction, (1) a gap between words of participations and integrations and reality of exclusion and discriminations; (2) as concept and types of worker's participation, 1) participation through trade union action, 2) worker's management of undertaking and related systems 3) worker's councils, worker's committees, joint consultation bodies and critics of dual system theory of worker's councils and participation through trade union action, so on: and as a conclusion (3) comments of G. Radbruch on the trade union's rights as a constitutional right and R.v. Jhering on struggle for rights. This paper offers suggestion that participation through trade union action shall be treated as a useful solution for legal principles of worker's participations in Korea.

법의 본질에 관한 연구 -법(자)에 대한 순종성을 중심으로-

손성 한중법학회 2009 中國法硏究 Vol.11 No.-

After the Supreme Court holds the final Judgement in the name of Law, the interested parties should obey the judgement. It is a character of Law. The Obedience toward the Law. What is the Origin of this Character.The advent of “法(Fa)” was a academic incident in light of legal history society. It was the Age of Warring States that the Chinese character Fa(法) “法(Fa)” ranked among the Norms. At the time of entrance, ethos was that they needed new noble standard, in the one hand, and strong ruling device, in another hand. The Chinese character “法(Fa)” met the requirements. The Chinese character “法(Fa)” contained different 2 meanings, one was “support(效)”, another was “destroy(廢)”. The chinese legal positivism(法家) at that time satisfied with the opposite different meanings. They took the Chinese character “法(Fa)” in order to reflect their idea. It was the first time of appearance of “法(Fa)” that was so called as the origin of Chinese law that meant “ruling device”. New theory are put forward.When the God predicted through the Rite, the officiating priests carried out the predictions the those who participated the ceremonial rite. In the performance of rites there were the kinds of Structure. The one was a mental structure. The another was a behavior structure. We called it as a Structure of Oracle. The Chinese character Fa(法) also had the same two structures. As was the case with the Fa, it had the obedience as well. The Fa obtained the power of obedience of Divine Message. This is the reason why those who have something to do with a suit obeyed the consequence of action blindly.

취소소송에 있어서 원고적격의 구조적 분석

유진식 ( Jin Sik Yoo ) 전북대학교 법학연구소 2010 法學硏究 Vol.30 No.-

With disposition, standing to sue is a requirement to raised revocation suit that consists one of the cores and the center of discussion. There are reasons: First, traditional administrative dispositions only affected on the counterpart directly and on the third party indirectly in most cases as the modern administration becomes more complicated, but there are cases increasing that affect directly on rights and benefits of the third party. Second, for the administrative procedural code, regarding standing to sue in revocation suit? those who have benefits legally? Since precedents are quite intuitive and relative to judge whether there is 「Legal Benefits? required to admit standing to sue in revocation suit or not, it seems that there are no systemicity and consistency in precedents. Therefore, theories about standing to sue in revocation based on systematic and consistent standards of judgement should be constructed together with comprehensive analysis on the existing precedents.

기부관련법의 구조와 기능을 통해 본기부자의 법적지위에 관한 탐색적 연구

정은주,최성헌 사회복지법제학회 2016 사회복지법제연구 Vol.7 No.2

우리나라의 기부의 규모는 6.25전쟁이후 확장되는 추세이다. 기부행동을 통해 시민들의 사회문제해결의 참여가 활발해 지면서 기부금품 종류, 기부의 유형과 방법이 매우 다양화되어 지고 있다. 이러한 사회변화에 따라 우리나라의 기부관련법은 인식변화 흐름과 법적 체계속에서 그들의 지위를 잘 설명하고 있는지에 대한 고찰과 탐색이 요구된다. 우리나라의 기부금 관련법은 ‘ 기부금품 모집 및 사용에 관한 법률’을 근간으로 하고 있으나, 이법만으로 기부행동에 관련된 모든 사항들을 포괄적으로 설명하고 있지는 못하다 이에 기부관련법들의 통합적 탐색이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 기부관련법을 구조 기능주의적 관점에서 기부의 인식변화와 기부자의 법적지위에 대해 탐색해 보았다. 법의 구조는 법의 제정흐름, 기부의 목적, 법의 운영주체 측면에서, 법의 기능은 적응, 목적달성, 통합, 잠재적 유형유지 측면에서 살펴보았다. 결과 우리나라의 기부관련법은 기부보다는 모금을 주체로 하는 대상을 위주로 설명되어 있다. 또한 기부자의 권리, 권익보호, 인정, 의무에 관한 사항들이 미비한 것으로 나타났는데 이는 기부가 발전되어온 사회적 흐름에서부터 그 이유를 찾을 수 있었다. 이에 모금과 기부의 주체에 대한 인식을 명확히 할수 있는 제도 정비, 기부행동에 대한 사회적 가치 인정제도 마련, 기부금 관련제도의 간소화 필요 방안을 제시하였다. The scale of donation in Korea has been increasing since the Korean war. As engagements of citizens on social issues have been active by the conduct of donation, the kinds of donation goods and the method and style of donation have been diversified. According to this social changes, it is required to study and to contemplate whether our country's donation relating law explains well their positioning under the trend of cognizance-changes and the legal system. Even though our country's donation relating law are composed of laws regarding the usage and collection of donation goods. It is not enough to explain comprehensively all situations on the conduct of donation only by this law. So, Comprehensive study on donation relating law is required. This research has studied donation relating law with the view of structural-functionalism on cognizance changes of donation and legal positioning of donator. The structure of law has been examined with the view of enactment of law and the purpose of donation and operating parts of law. The function of law has been examined with the view of adaptation, goal-attainment, integration, latent pattern-main-tenance. Our country's donation relating law shows that explanation has been focused on collection rather than donation and this also shows that the rights of donator and the conservation of the rights and recognition and duties lack. It is derived from the social trend which donation has developed. To make conception on collection and principal part of donation clear, the correction of institution and the acknowledgement of social value on donation and the plainness of donation relating institution have been suggested.

사회적 기업의 정체성 확인 및 영역 설정: 프랑스 사례를 중심으로

심창학 ( Chang Hack Shim ) 한양대학교 제3섹터연구소 2012 시민사회와 NGO Vol.10 No.2

본 연구는 사회적 기업의 정체성 확인 및 영역 설정과 관련된 탐색적 연구로서 구조, 기능적 접근방법과 법적 접근방법에 근거하여 프랑스 사회적 기업의 특징을 분석하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 본 연구를 통해 다음과 같은 점이 확인되었다. 첫째, 구조,기능적 접근방법을 통한 프랑스 사회적 기업의 대표적인 사례로서 경제활동 통합조직이 있음을 발견할 수 있다. 사회적 취약집단의 일자리 창출을 목적으로 하는 노동통합사회적 기업으로서 경제활동 통합조직은 1990년대 말부터 빈곤 및 사회적 배제 극복 정책의 파트너로 자리 잡았다. 다양한 유형의 통합 구조(조직), 인증제도, 국가 임금 보조 제도를 통한 통합 근로자 채용, 집행과 관련된 지방정부의 강력한 역할 등이 경제활동 통합조직의 특징이다. 둘째, 프랑스 사회적 기업에 대한 법적 접근방법은 공공이익 협동조합 회사(Scic)에 대한 관심으로 귀결된다. 2001년 등장한 공공이익 협동조합 회사는 짧은 연륜, 높지 않은 고용 효과에도 불구하고 프랑스의 새로운 사회적 경제 조직으로 사회적 유용성과 기업정신의 결합, 새로운 민주주의 운영 방식의 도입이라는 점에서 그 의의가 크다.셋째, 프랑스 사례 분석 결과 사회적 기업의 등장은 사회적 경제의 정체성 약화,해체를 야기하기 보다는 사회적 경제에 대한 재해석을 통한 외연확대의 기회가 될 수 있는 것으로 보인다. 왜냐하면 기업,경영적 속성의 강조에도 불구하고 전통적 사회적 경제의 가치인 민주주의적 의사결정, 제한적 이윤 배분, 독립성과 자율성 원칙뿐만 아니라 전체 사회 구성원을 대상으로 하는 사회적 유용성과 공익 개념이 사회적 기업에 내재되어 있기 때문이다. 이러한 연구 결과의 일반화 여부는 향후 연구 과제이기도 하다. This study has, as an exploratory research about identity and scope of social enterprises, the purpose of anal sing the characteristics of French social enterprises based on the structural-functional approach and legal approach. This study has found the following points. First, SIAE is the representative social enterprises of France in the perspective of structural-functional approach. As work-integration social enterprises which has the purpose of job creation for the disadvantaged, SIAE has installed as the principal partners for policies against poverty and social exclusion since the late 1990`s. Diversity of insertion structure, agreement, application of wage aid contract for the disadvantaged, strong role of the local government can be considered as SIAE`s characteristics. Second, the legal approach about social enterprise in France leads to a concern for Public interests Cooperative Ltd Sic. Appeared in the year 2001, Sic has the significant meanings of new social economy`s organization which not only combines entrepreneurial spirit and social usefulness, introduces also a new way of democracy, despite its short history and modest employment effects. Third and finally, this study shows that the emergence of social enterprises in France seems to have the chance to expand outer margin of social economy through its reinterpretation, not to provoke weakening identity and dismantling. Because, despite the emphasis on its entrepreneurial attributes, the traditional values of social economy, that is limited profit distribution, democratic decision-making, independence and autonomy principle, social usefulness and public interest are inherent in the social enterprises. Whether these findings can be accepted generally will be a future research subject.

방송 및 정보통신 거버넌스 법제 개선방향에 관한 연구 - IT영역의 행정조직 구성 법원리를 중심으로 -

김현경 가천대학교 법학연구소 2015 가천법학 Vol.8 No.1

우리 헌법상 국가구조원리로서 일반적으로 받아들여지고 있는 것으로는 민주주의원리, 법치주의 원리, 사회국가원리 등이 있다. 이 글은 이러한 헌법상 국가구조원리를 기반으로 현재 IT영역에 있어서 조직설계의 한계를 분석하고 개선방안을 제시하고자 하였다. IT의 속성상 IT정책영역은 그 업무의 경계가 불분명하며 타 업무와의 중복 및 이로 인한 갈등 상황이 항상 내재되어 있다. 또한 IT정책은 본질적으로 ‘속도’, ‘변화’ 및 ‘공격’에 따른 ‘위험성’을 내포하고 있으므로 이러한 위험성을 낮추기 위해서는 전문적 변화관리와 위험관리가 필요하다. 우리나라의 IT 거버넌스는 지금까지 이러한 IT의 속성을 조직설계에 반영함에 있어 많은 시행착오를 겪어왔다. 하위법령에 의한 중요 추진조직의 신설, 조정 및 협업·협치 메커니즘의 부재 등 민주주의와 법치주의에 기반 한 조직설계가 이루어지지 못했다. 이러한 한계를 극복하기 위하여 우선 법치주의 원리의 구현으로 IT영역의 독자성 확보를 위한 조직법적 기틀이 확립되어야 한다. 「정부조직법」에 IT전담기관의 설치가 명확히 규정되어져야 하며, 기존의 산업통상자원부, 문화체육관광부, 방송통신위원회가 담당하는 IT기능이 재통합될 필요가 있다. 또한 독임제 방식의 단독 행정기관의 설치만으로는 IT의 융합·접목적 속성을 반영할 수 없으므로 민관협력·갈등조정체계를 법률에 규정하여야 한다. 이러한 기구는 한시적·일회성 정책기구가 아니라 상설기구로서 조정·협력의 거버넌스를 통한 민주주의 원리를 반영할 필요가 있다. 그리고 부처 간 갈등 해결이나 협력기조가 이러한 협의체를 통해 이루어질 수 있어야 한다. 한편 언론의 자유라는 민주헌정체제의 핵심적 자유를 보장하기 위하여 방송통신위원회는 독임제적 기구의 성격이 탈피된 독립성이 우선인 기구로 재탄생할 필요가 있다. 또한 ‘행정조직 법정주의’의 실천으로서 대통령 비서실, 대통령 직속기관, 합의제 행정위원회에 의한 정책기능의 확대는 지양되어야 하며, 가급적 행정각부 상호간의 기능 재배분이나 통합, 폐지와 같은 조직개편을 통해서 정책이 기획, 집행되어야 할 것이다. Generally it was accepted that Constitutional principles that form the national structure is the principle of democracy, principle of rule of law, and principle of Social States. This paper analyzes the limitations of the organizational design of IT sector and proposes improvements based on the constitutional principle of state structures. IT policy area is unclear and overlapping boundaries of their work, and work in the IT area sometimes overlaps with the work of other policy areas, therefore policy conflicts with other areas are caused. As well as the IT inherently involve the 'speed', 'change', and a 'risk' according to 'attack', so professional change & risk management is needed in order to reduce these risks. Korea's IT governance has gone through a lot of trial and error as far reflecting these attributes in the IT organization design. The important organization was established by a sub-decree, not law, and a mechanism to adjust conflict and cooperate was not established. As a result, the organization design based on democracy and the rule of law had not been made. In order to overcome this limitation, first, the organization shall establish a legal framework for ensuring the uniqueness of the IT area as the implementation of rule of law. Installation of the government department for which IT policies are fully responsible should be clearly defined in the Government Organization Act, And the existing IT function of Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, Korea Communications Commission needs to be integrated into such a IT department. In addition, resolving conflicts between government ministries and the cooperation mechanism based on democracy must be provided by law. This can be implemented as a committee form to ensure the participation of civil society. The committee shall be an organization that operates on a permanent rather than temporary organization. Meanwhile, the Korea Communications Commission, to ensure the freedom of the press needs to be re-born as Independence Organization. In addition, as the practice of a administrative organization legal principles, enlargement of the policy-making and implementation by the Office of the President and the Representative Administrative Agencies should be avoided, As much as possible, policy will be planed and enforced through the reorganization such as reallocation, integration or cancellation of functions.

Two Theses of Critical Jurisprudence

박종현 국민대학교 법학연구소 2012 법학논총 Vol.25 No.1

The central themes of the account of legal ideals offered by critical jurisprudence are Conflict Thesis, which means that conflicting theories are available with respect to any given body of law at any time, and Structure Thesis, which means that every field of law is structured by an ideology which may be shown to exist by contrasting ideals foreclosed. Conflict Thesis is developed as a response to idealists’legal doctrine that if we find principles, policies and purposes underlying in rules, we can solve hard case situation in which rules cannot determine particular results because of a conflict or a gap between rules. Especially, Dworkin asserts that judges can make non-discretionary decision in hard case if they recognize a set of principles behind rules In addition to trying to find a coherent set of principles from clearly solved cases, Dworkin develops fit and justify process in which the ideal model of judge, Hercules, must construct a scheme of abstract and concrete principles that provides a coherent justification for all common law precedents and, so far as these are to be justified on principles, constitutional, and statutory provisions as well. In Dworkin’s view, one right theory that in each hard case, one right answer drawn from coherent principles of law exists, is no longer a myth. Also,Posner, as an idealist believing the existence of one right answer in each hard case and as an heir of the American legal realist tradition emphasizing the significance of policies, claims that rules and precedents do not really provide a coherent view to control the judge’s decision, but they are rather a means to satisfy what the judge wishes to do. However, critical jurisprudence doubts the achievement of idealists, one right theory. This doubt, so called no right theory, holds that the logic of idealization fails because there is always another huge, coherent and equally available theory based on exception of one theory. According to critical jurisprudence, this countertheory can “fit and justify” relevant most legal materials as much as a theory can. The critical point is that so long as a theory has to exclude exceptional materials for its coherence, this incompleteness leads to the collapse of a right theory and the feasibility of constructing countertheory which is good enough to fit and justify relevant most legal materials in other way. In addition, a more critical problem is that the possibility of conflict between theories will threaten idealists with breaking of rule of law, the liberal ideal of legality derived from coherent principles,policies and purposes. If law’s own test, which can be equally used to justify each conflicting theory, cannot settle this conflict, the ground for choice of one theory in solving legal matter must be extra-legal or beyond principles. Therefore, the choice from free moral inquiry is inevitably made with no more legal justification, by contingent exercise of power which makes one theory the dominant theory and suppresses countertheory. Ultimately, rule of law is converted into rule of choice. This viewpoint of critical jurisprudence is similar with realist jurisprudence’s indeterminacy thesis that judge’s arbitrary choice from a hunch solves legal cases. However, Conflict Thesis is distinguished from the indeterminacy thesis, because in depicting conflict, Conflict Thesis emphasizes that there is a large, structured conflict between coherent positions. The main point of Structure Thesis is that every field of law is structured by an ideology, a frame of thought that pertains to the entire field, channels thoughts in certain direction, and legitimates the status quo. The method to find an ideology is one of contradiction looking for “foreclosed” ideals within the domain of a law, and looking back at the domain of a law. However, liberal jurisprudence does not admit the premise that ideology constructs law. First of all, formalism asserts that sufficiently devel...

로베르토 웅거의 사회이론과 법이론

김정오 한국외국어대학교 법학연구소 2007 외법논집 Vol.27 No.-

Since postmodernism and deconstruction theory began to strengthen its power and to extend its influence in the western intellectual world in the late 20th century, western social thought seems to be in chaos. They lost the fundamental basis upon which human behavior and thinking has been founded. The situation did not happen just in the area of humanities or social science but also in the area of legal world. From the late 1970's, critics appeared in the American legal world and their critical voices began to influence very strongly to all of the law people. In the mid of the critical legal studies movement, Roberto Unger was standing steadyfast. His books were read by almost all of critics and his thought became the basis of their critical works. This article aims to trace Unger’s social theory and legal theory. The main questions will be as followings; whether his social theory can be an alternative to the postmodern social theory or deconstruction theory; whether he provides us with a new legal theory that will alternate with a given legal theories. In chapter I, I will describe Unger's intellectual evolution since 1970's. Since his theoretical interest has been so wide and deep, it will not be easy to describe all of his works. Here his main works will be dealt with. Among the many ideas that Unger has developed, the concept, ’society as an artifact’ is a key one. From that concept, he criticize the given social theories, especially deep-structure social theory (for example, Marxism) and positivistic social theory. From that concept, he draws the unique concepts, formative context, routine activities and etc. And then he constructs his own social theory, that is anti-necessitarian social theory. Hid social theory will be dealt with in chapter II. As I mentioned the relationship between Unger and Critical legal studies, as a legal scholar, Unger continued to have a deep concern with legal theory. Based upon his social theory, he suggested a new way of thinking about how to analyze legal problems. Even if he does not show a concrete legal theory, he shows us in what way we, legal scholars, are going in the future. Unger criticizes the given legal analysis that he names as rationalizing legal analysis. What he suggests for legal analysis is to connect legal analysis with institutional imagination. His legal theory will be dealt with in chapter IV. Unger criticizes liberalism and social democracy as it exists in Western Europe. According to him, liberalism has not kept its promise and social democracy became conservatized. Both of central ideologies in contemporary politics playes as an obstacle rather than as a lever to enhance economic force and to extend democracy. Unger proposes various concepts such as extended social democracy, radical polyarchy, mobilized democracy, and etc. These will be dealt with in chapter V.