(A) study on performance of economics graduate students, Korea University : who is a good human capital in graduate school?

김경현 Graduate School, Korea University 2010 국내석사

The purpose of this investigation is to do determine a prediction model for selecting graduate students in economics area. Although economic graduate course in South Korea is similar to the one in Britain and the United States, little attention has been given to examine a student performance. Athey, Katz, Krueger, Levitt and Poterba(2007), who studied a research on economics graduate school of the United States, even said that economists devote considerable effort to graduate students education but have conducted relatively little research on the determinants of student performance or placement in the job market. As the authors' opinion, a study on performance of graduate students should be an important and urgent problem. But this paper is not concerned here with the determinants of student performance in labor market, the study will be supplemented by previous studied in section Ⅱ. The main objectives of this study were : firstly, to do a study on human capital in economics, secondly, to do a study on a group of the highest education level, and thirdly, to do a prediction on graduate students performance using pre-admission data of applicants. By analyzing this paper, we examine the sequentiality between economics required subjects of undergraduate and graduate course. And the paper can be concerned with what factors have an effect on economic graduate performance. It is important for selection process of pre-admission to cultivate outstanding scholars in graduate school. Hence, the results are expected to help screening graduate students in admissions committee.

Confucianism and its cultural impacts : a comparative study on middle school bullying between China and Japan

Yunbo Bai Graduate School, Yonsei University 2021 국내석사

School bullying has become a social problem all over the world. In recent years, the problem of bullying in middle schools in China has become more and more serious, and the severity of its consequences has attracted the attention of the Chinese government. In the 21st century, Japan is also one of the countries with serious school bullying problems. According to the theory of social ecological system, we can infer that the participants of school bullying are affected by various surrounding environmental factors. As a macro environmental factor, the culture in society has a subtle influence on students' cognition. As we all know, China and Japan are very close geographically and have conducted many cultural exchanges since ancient times. There are cultural similarities between the two countries, especially, the Confucian culture. So does this mean that the reason for the similar behavior of middle school’s bullying in China and Japan is that they are influenced by the similar Confucian culture? Therefore, this paper will take the participants of bullying on middle schools in China and Japan as the research objects, and mainly analyze the cultural reasons of middle school’s bullying in both countries. Comparative research methods, case analysis methods, literature research methods and qualitative research methods are the main research methods used in this article. The second chapter of the thesis first introduces the differences between Chinese and Japanese Confucian cultures, especially in four aspects: shame culture, harmonious culture, collectivism and family culture. At the same time, it introduces the new development of these four cultures in the two countries and the impacts on the current Chinese and Japanese society. The third chapter of the thesis lists cases of bullying in middle schools in China and Japan, and carefully analyzes the psychology of the participants. It is found that although the behaviors of bullying participants in Chinese and Japanese schools are similar, they have different starting points. Therefore, the fourth chapter further analyzes the psychological factors of the three roles in the phenomenon of school bullying in China and Japan, as well as the social and cultural reasons that affect the psychological factors. Through comparative research methods, it is found that the different Confucian cultures in Chinese and Japanese societies have different impacts on the psychology. Although these factors are derived from traditional Confucian culture, they already have had special new developments in China and Japan. Therefore, this article concludes that although the phenomenon of school bullying in China and Japan seems to be the same, the Confucian culture of China and Japan has had impacts on school bullying in China and Japan respectively. Exploring the cultural background of school bullying in China and Japan can enable us to better understand the causes of school bullying and provide some ideas for the future countermeasures of school bullying in the two countries. It has important reference value for the further prevention of school bullying. At the same time, although Confucian culture has its meaning as a traditional culture, it still requires us that in the future China and Japan should constantly reflect on traditional culture, adjusting the traditional culture to new social needs, and better guide people's lives at the level of consciousness.

Essays on the effects of early school enrollment and legal drinking age on risky behaviors and health outcomes

신유식 Graduate School, Korea University 2022 국내박사

본 논문은 취학 시기의 효과에 대한 연구와 청소년 음주 규제의 효과에 대한 연구로 구성되어 있다. 1장에서는 취학 시기가 학생들의 건강위험행동에 미치는 영향에 대해 분석한다. 2장에서는 자녀의 취학 시기가 어머니의 정신 건강에 미치는 전이 효과에 대해 분석한다. 3장에서는 한국의 청소년 음주 정책이 개인의 음주 행위에 미치는 영향에 대해 분석한다. 세계의 여러 나라들은 아동이 태어난 이후 몇 개월이 되었는지에 따라 학교에 입학할 수 있는 자격을 부여한다. 새 학기가 시작하는 시점에 최소 입학 연령을 가까스로 넘긴 아동이 바로 입학하는 경우, 반에서 나이가 가장 어린 상태가 된다. 이로 인한 불이익을 피하고자, 일부 부모는 해당 아동의 입학 시기를 1년 연기하는 선택을 한다. 이 경우, 해당 아동은 반에서 나이가 가장 많은 상태가 된다. 위와 같은 입학 시기의 선택이 아동에게 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지 파악하기 위해 현재까지 다수의 실증 연구들이 실시되어 왔다. 1장은 취학 시기가 학생들의 건강위험행동에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지 분석한다. 구체적으로, 최소 입학 연령을 넘긴 아동이 입학을 미루지 않고 바로 입학하는 선택이 음주, 흡연, 성관계 행위에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지 분석한다. 분석을 위해, 우리나라 12월 출생자들이 1월 출생자들에 비해 학교에 1년 빠르게 입학하는 점을 이용한다. 12월 출생자들은 1월 출생자들에 비해 1년 빠르게 입학하지만, 반에서 상대적으로 가장 어린 상태가 된다. 반면에, 1월 출생자들은 반에서 나이가 가장 많은 상태가 된다. 두 집단은 비슷한 시기에 출생했음에도, 외생적인 상황으로 인해 입학 시기에 차이가 발생하기 때문에 위의 효과를 추정하는 데 이용될 수 있다. 회귀불연속 방법론을 사용하여 추정한 결과, 학교를 1년 빠르게 입학하는 것은 음주, 흡연 시작 시기를 앞당기는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 1년 빠르게 입학하는 것은 최근 30일 동안 음주, 흡연했을 확률을 상승시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 남학생과 여학생 모두에게 나타났다. 2장은 최소 입학 연령을 넘긴 아동이 바로 입학하는 선택을 하는 것이 어머니의 정신 건강에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지 분석한다. 다수의 문헌에 따르면, 해당 아동은 정서적, 신체적 발달 상태에 이점이 있는 급우들과 경쟁하기 때문에, 학업 성취도와 학교 적응에 있어 어려움을 겪는 가능성이 높은 것으로 보고되어 왔다. 이러한 부정적인 영향은 아동에게 국한되는 것이 아니라 가족 구성원에게도 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 특히, 대부분의 가정의 주양육자인 어머니의 정신 건강에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 가능성이 있다. 본 연구는 이를 분석하는 위해 호주의 학교 입학 규정에 따라 발생되는 외생적인 상황을 이용하였다. 분석 결과, 자녀의 1년 빠른 입학은 어머니의 불안감을 상승시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이질성 분석 결과, 이러한 영향은 여학생의 어머니와 소득이 낮은 가구의 어머니에게 두드러지는 것으로 나타났다. 자녀의 응답을 통해 분석한 결과, 여학생과 소득이 낮은 가구의 학생인 경우, 실제로 학교 적응에 어려움을 겪는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 학교에 1년 빠르게 입학하는 것이 아동에게 부정적인 영향을 미치고, 어머니의 정신 건강에도 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 시사한다. 3장은 한국의 청소년 음주 규제의 효과성에 대해 분석한다. 한국의 청소년 보호법에 따르면, 만 19세가 되는 해의 1월 1일을 맞이하기 전까지는 청소년으로 규정되며, 주류 구입과 주류 판매 업소 출입이 제한된다. 이 정책의 효과성을 분석하기 위해 소위 빠른 년생 제도가 시행되던 시기의 1, 2월 출생자를 이용한다. 3월~12월생과 이듬해 1, 2월생은 같은 해에 초등학교에 입학하여 같은 해에 고등학교를 졸업한다. 3월~12월생은 대학교 1학년이 되는 해의 1월 1일부터 청소년 음주 규제의 적용을 받지 않는다. 반면에, 이듬해 1, 2월생은 해당 연도에 여전히 음주 규제를 적용 받게 된다. 따라서, 해당 연도의 3월~12월생과 1, 2월생의 음주 행위를 비교하여 청소년 보호법의 효과를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 1, 2월생이 음주 규제의 적용을 받음에도 불구하고, 음주 참여 여부와 횟수에 대해서 3~12월생과 크게 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. In the first chapter, I investigate the impacts of early school enrollment on students’ risky health behaviors. In South Korea, those born in December begin school almost one year earlier than those born in January. Using a fuzzy regression discontinuity design which exploits the school entry rule in South Korea, I find that early school entry leads students to begin drinking and smoking earlier. In addition, it increases the likelihood of drinking and smoking participation over the previous 30 days. However, early school entry has little impact on lifetime sexual intercourse experience. The results of subgroup analysis indicate that my main findings are driven by both girls and boys. The robustness of my results is supported by the use of data from earlier years and various specifications. The second chapter examines the spillover effects of a child’s early school enrollment on their mother’s nervousness. Research has shown that early schooling may have an adverse impact on child development in the short run. If there is such an impact, it may spill over onto mothers, especially in relation to the mother’s mental well-being. To investigate the spillover effects, we utilize the data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. A fuzzy regression discontinuity design is exploited to explore the spillover impacts of a child’s early schooling. We find that a child’s early enrollment increases the level of their mother’s nervousness in the year their child becomes seven. The impact is primarily detected among mothers of girls and mothers from low-income households. Using the responses of the children, we provide suggestive evidence that girls and children from low-income households were suffering from early schooling, and that the impacts might spill over into their mothers. In the last chapter, I analyze the effects of the legal drinking age laws in South Korea on alcohol consumption. In South Korea, an individual is legally allowed access to alcohol from January 1st of the year they turn 19. To investigate whether the regulation effectively restricts alcohol consumption, I compare those who were born around January, but who vary in terms of their status with regard to legal access to alcohol during one specific year. I find no impacts of the regulation on participation in and frequency of alcohol consumption. The findings indicate that strict enforcement and sanctions need to accompany the policy to prevent youth from accessing alcohol.

Detecting the changes of latent profiles in academic burnout of middle school students

신효정 Graduate School, Korea University 2012 국내박사

This study used latent transition analysis (LTA) to examine changes in academic burnout profiles during middle school times (grade 7th-2, 8th-1 and 8th-2). In addition, this study was to examine the effects of the covariates (i.e., gender, parent education, and coping strategy) in LTA model. To do so, the first goal was to identify profile of academic burnout for middle school students at each time point based on Maslach Burnout Inventory ? Student Survey (MBI-SS). For first aim, the following research question was presented: What kinds of burnout profiles would be identified among middle school students? The second goal was to describe developmental pattern of academic burnout throughout middle school using the LTA model. For the second aim, the following research question was presented: How do those profiles change over time? Finally, the third goal was to confirm effects of covariates for modeling change in academic profiles in LTA model. For last aim, the following research question was presented: What are the effects of covariate variables (i.e., gender, parent education, and coping strategy) on changes of academic burnout profiles over time? Total of 413 middle school students (TI: N=381, T2: N=375, T3: N=388) in Seoul, Korea participated in this study. The data was collected from one middle school of Seoul region of South Korea during three waves. Korean version of MBI-SS and Ways of Coping Checklist (WCC) were used to measure the levels of students? academic burnout and coping strategy. All instruments in the present study measured in the final of the semester. Mplus 5.0 and SPSS 18.0 were used to analyze the data. The results of the present study showed that the middle school students could be best described by three latent profiles representing degree of academic burnout across three times: ?distressed (DS)?, ?intermediate (IM)?, and ?well-functioning (WF)?. DS is high scores on all subscales although cynicism was slightly higher score than emotional exhaustion and inefficacy. IM is maintaining medium score on all subscales. WF is low scores on all subscales although emotional exhaustion and inefficacy was slightly higher score than cynicism. The result of the current study proved evidence that academic burnout profiles are understood according to the degree, rather than type of profiles, of academic burnout during the middle school years. In the next, results indicated that as student developed throughout middle school they were likely to transition out of the WF group and into the DS and IM group. Specially, non burned-out group, that is WF group, transited to IM group and even DS group. In addition, distressed group of the academic burnout showed stability, that is, less movement to another groups than the IM and WF groups. Further, the result showed that both active coping and passive coping consistently differentiated the academic burnout profiles throughout the course of middle school. Active coping was associated with higher percentage being in the WF versus DS. Conversely, passive coping was associated with decreased odds of being in the WF. Based on the results of the present study, there are several implications. Specifically, the present study can be utilized for designing prevention and intervention programs for middle school students as well as teacher and parents? training program for student discipline in school and counseling settings. First, helping professionals such as school counselors, teacher could understand the diverse types of academic burnout as well as conduct academic burnout interventions (e.g., preventing or decreasing students? academic burnout). Second, school counselors, teachers and parents should keen attention to WF group during middle school period. Because WF group students transited intermediate group very much over middle school time. These results imply that although students are adapting easily at the moment helping professional need to conduct prevention program for general students. To do so, helping professionals could plan prevention strategies through classroom guidance focusing on WF group students. In addition, since DS group of the academic burnout showed stability, professionals have to provide intensive treatment for being DS group students. Third, this result implies that helping professionals and parents should help to prompt active coping and refrain from passive coping. How to instruct effective coping strategy to manage academic burnout for students is very important. The study implies that teachers and parents? training to support students, as resources, could be good way to prompt active coping for middle school students. Moreover, it is crucial to implement prevention program to learn active coping and passive coping through the classroom guidance regularly. There are several limitations associated with the present study. First, it is important to note that academic profiles were different with previous study in this study. Thus, further research is needed in order to identify the academic profiles with other populations for middle school student. Second, in the present study, the results were obtained for predominantly one middle school students in an urban community. These results may differ for other samples with different characteristics (e.g., gender, grade, academic pressure). Thus, it would be useful to replicate the results in larger samples. Additionally, it would be interesting to explore the special samples of chronic academic burnout groups having high academic demanding for middle school students (e.g., international middle school) in longitudinal designs. Third, the time interval of the study was relatively short (six months). These reason resulted in little changes of levels of each burnout profiles in this study. Thus, future study need to extended periods. The lastly, all instruments in the present research were self-reported questionnaires. In the case of self-reported questionnaires, students who experience high level of academic burnout may report low levels of burnout symptoms to minimize or maximize their symptoms. Therefore, future studies should also consider including biological indicators (e.g., blood pressure, cortisol levels) of burnout and stress to help offset the use of self-reported instruments.

(An) analysis on student's satisfaction and improvement strategies for credit-based spaces : focusing on the high schools with the high-school-credit-system in Seoul

장시영 Graduate School, Yonsei University 2024 국내석사

2025년부터 전국의 중고등학교에 본격적으로 새로운 교육 체제인 고교학점제가 도입될 예정이며 이는 현재 선도 학교 및 연구 학교에서 부분적으로 시행 중에 있다. 고교학점제는 학생이 스스로 진로와 적성에 맞게 수강하고자 하는 과목을 선택하고 일정한 학점 이수 기준에 도달하면 졸업이 가능한 제도로 변화된 교육과정을 수용할 수 있도록 재구조화된 교내 공간을 학점제형 공간이라 일컬으며 학습 공간, 지원 공간, 공용 공간으로 구성되어 있다. 기존 고교학점제에 관한 연구는 2020년 이전인 고교학점제 도입 초기에 진행되었다는 시기적 한계점을 가지며, 고교학점제가 본격적으로 시행되기 전 고교학점제 도입에 따른 학교 공간의 변화에 대한 관심은 높음에도 불구하고 고교학점제 시행으로 인한 학교 교내 공간 변화에 대하여 세부적으로 논의된 연구는 부족하다고 언급하였다. 이러한 이유로 본 연구는 고교학점제 도입으로 인하여 조성된 서울특별시 고등학교의 학점제형 공간에 대해 분석하고, 이 공간의 사용자인 학생을 대상으로 새롭게 조성된 학점제형 학교 공간에 대한 만족도 및 요구 사항을 알아보고자 한다. 더불어 학생이 개선을 요구하는 교내 학점제형 공간에 대한 계획 요소에 대한 개선 방안을 파악하고 적용 방안을 제안하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 또한 본 연구는 추후 고교학점제가 전국적으로 확대되어 적용되었을 때 학점제형 공간에 대한 디자인 지침이 될 수 있을 것으로 사료되며 학점제형 공간을 계획할 때 사용될 수 있을 것으로 예상한다. 본 연구는 서울특별시에 위치한 고등학교 중 연구 협조에 응해준 고교학점제를 시행하고 있는 3개의 고등학교를 선정하여 해당 학교의 학점제형 공간에 대하여 연구를 진행하였다. 연구를 수행하기 위하여 설정한 연구 방법은 (1) 선행 연구 및 사례 조사를 진행한 후, 온라인 홈페이지를 통해 고교학점제 시행 고등학교의 교내 학점제형공간에 대한 이미지 분석을 실시하였다. (2) 고교학점제 시행 고등학교의 학점제형 공간에 대한 현장 답사 사례 조사를 진행하여 온라인 사례 조사에서 조사 및 분석한 내용을 기반으로 현장 답사 사례 조사를 진행하였다. (3) 기술형 설문조사를 시행하여 교내 학점제형 공간에 대한 공간 사용자(학생)의 만족도 및 희망 개선 사항을 조사하였다. (4) Photovoice 연구 방법을 통하여 학점제형 공간에 대한 공간 사용자(학생)에 의하여 제안된 공간 개선 방안을 파악하였다. 위 네 가지 연구 방법을 바탕으로 도출한 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 만족도 조사 결과에서 학점제형 공간에서 학습 공간의 만족도가 가장 높게 나왔으며, 공용 공간에 대한 만족도가 가장 낮게 도출되었다. 각 공간 마다 교과 교실, 다목적실, 홈베이스에서 가장 높은 만족도를 보였으며, 일반 교실, 도서실, 휴게실에서 가장 낮은 만족도를 나타냈다. 학습 공간 중 일반 교실의‘자연적 요소가 주는 효과’, ‘교실 표찰에 대한 정보성’, 교과 교실의 ‘학습 교구 부족’, ‘책상 배치’, ‘책상의 디자인’, 지원 공간 중 자기주도 학습 공간 및 스터디 카페의 ‘소음 및 방음 문제’, ‘학습 공간의 단일화’, 다목적실의 ‘책상의 배치와 디자인’, 도서실의 ‘작은 규모’, 회의실 및 상담실의 ‘규모’, 공용 공간 중 홈베이스의‘공간 사용 목적’, ‘사물함 크기 및 배치’, 휴게실의 ‘수면 공간’, ‘규모,’ ‘휴식 지원 수단’에 대하여 평균 이하의 만족도 결과가 도출되어 개선이 필요할 것으로 파악되었다. 또한 세 개의 고등학교에 대한 학점제형 공간의 만족도를 비교해보았을 때 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않아 학점제형 공간을 도입한 고등학교의 학생들의 교내 공간에 대한 만족도는 비슷한 것임을 확인할 수 있었다. 둘째, 교내 학점제형 공간에 대한 희망 개선점과 공간 사용자(학생)가 직접 제안한 개선 방안을 조사한 결과, 학습 공간에서는 ‘협소한 책상’, ‘의자의 크기와 높이’, 지원 공간에서는 자기주도 학습 공간 및 스터디 카페의 ‘바퀴 부착 및 딱딱한 재질의 불편한 의자’, ‘소음 및 방음 문제’, ‘공간 유형의 단일화’에 대한 개선 사항과 도서실의 ‘비효율적인 좌석 배치’, ‘좌식 공간의 부족’과 같은 희망 개선 방안이 제시되었다. 공용 공간에서는 ‘협소한 규모’, ‘푹신한 좌석의 부재’, ‘수면 공간의 부재’, ‘놀거리나 먹을거리의 부재’가 희망 개선점으로 언급되었다. 이에 따라 제안된 개선 방안으로 학습 공간에서는 깔끔하고 산뜻한 색상으로의 벽 색상 교체, 커튼의 설치, 오랜 시간 착석해도 불편함이 없는 재질로의 의자 교체, 미끄럽지 않고 단조로운 패턴의 바닥재가 적용되어야 한다. 지원 공간에서는 좌석 간 간격의 확장 및 소음에 따른 공간 마련, 편안한 의자의 도입, 화분 비치, 개인 조명 마련이 사료되어야 한다. 공용 공간에서는 휴게실 개수 및 규모에 대한 확장이 가장 우선적으로 필요하며, 누워서 휴식을 취할 수 있는 공간의 구획, 푹신한 좌석 증가, 화분 비치가 적용되어야 한다. 본 연구는 2025년부터 본격적으로 도입될 중, 고등학교의 고교학점제에 대한 학점제형 공간 구성 방향을 제안할 수 있으며 고교학점제에 따른 학점제형 공간에 대한 사용자의 반응 및 구체적인 공간 요구 사항과 개선 방안을 살펴볼 수 있다. 더불어 학생 수 감소로 늘어나는 유휴 공간을 활용하거나 기존의 교내 공간을 공간 사용자의 개선 방안을 기반으로 학점제형 공간에서 학생의 웰빙을 증진시킬 수 있는 교내 학점제형 공간의 적용 방안을 모색할 수 있다. Starting in 2025, a new education system called the High-School-Credit-System is scheduled to be officially implemented in middle and high schools throughout South Korea. Currently, this system has already been implemented in some leading schools and research schools. The High-School-Credit-System allows students to choose courses aligned with their career goals and aptitude and graduate once they meet specific credit completion criteria. To accommodate this new educational approach, internal school spaces have been restructured (referred to as credit-based spaces) and categorized into learning spaces, supporting spaces, and sharing spaces. Most of the research on the High-School-Credit-System was carried out before 2020, during the initial stages of its introduction. Despite a high level of interest in these changes to school spaces, there is a lack of detailed studies specifically discussing the transformations in school spaces resulting from the implementation of the High-School-Credit-System. Such a study is prudent prior to the system’s widespread adoption. This study analyzed credit-based spaces in Seoul high schools that have introduced the High-School-Credit-System, seeking to understand the needs and opinions of students, the primary users of these newly created credit-based spaces. In addition, this research identifies student-recommended improvement strategies for aspects of school spaces and proposes practical applications for these enhancements. The outcomes of this study provide valuable planning and design guidelines for new credit-based spaces as the High-School-Credit-System is expanded nationwide. This study selected three high schools located in Seoul that have implemented the High-School-Credit-System and agreed to cooperate with an investigation into their credit-based spaces. The research methodology involved the following steps: (1) a review of existing studies and case studies, followed by image analysis of credit-based spaces within high schools implementing the High-School-Credit-System online platforms; (2) on-site case studies of credit-based spaces within high schools implementing the High-School-Credit-System, based on the findings and analyses obtained from online case studies; (3) a questionnaire survey to assess the satisfaction levels of space users (students) with credit-based spaces and to explore their desired improvements; (4) a Photovoice survey to identify suggestions for credit-based space improvements proposed by space users (students). The primary findings are as follows: First, satisfaction survey results indicated that among the three types of credit-based spaces, students were most satisfied with learning spaces and least satisfied with sharing spaces. The highest satisfaction was reported for subject-specific classrooms, multipurpose rooms, and home-bases, while regular classrooms, libraries, and common rooms garnered the lowest satisfaction levels. Specifically, within learning spaces, regular classrooms had lower satisfaction in categories such as the effectiveness of natural elements and informativeness of classroom tags. For subject-specific classrooms, students expressed dissatisfaction with a lack of learning materials, desk arrangement, and desk design. For supporting spaces, students identified issues like noise and soundproofing problems and homogenization of learning spaces in self-directed learning spaces and study cafes, desk arrangement and design in multipurpose rooms, the small scale of libraries and meeting rooms and counseling rooms. For sharing spaces, dissatisfaction was noted in the space utilization and the size and arrangement of lockers in home-bases, and sleeping spaces, scale, and relaxation support facilities in common rooms. The average satisfaction level for these aspects was below average, indicating a need for improvement. Furthermore, when comparing student satisfaction with credit-based spaces among three high schools, no significant differences were observed. This suggests systemic challenges and successes among schools that have implemented the High-School-Credit-System. Second, the results of the investigation into desired improvements and suggested enhancements directly proposed by space users (students) for credit-based spaces revealed the following: In learning spaces, improvement points included “cramped desks” and “size and height of chairs”. In supporting spaces, such as self-directed learning spaces and study cafés, suggestions for improvement encompassed issues like “uncomfortable chairs with attached wheels and rigid materials”, “noise and soundproofing problems”, and “homogenization of space types”. For libraries, desired improvements included “inefficient seat arrangement” and “lack of sitting spaces”. In sharing spaces, highlighted improvement points were “cramped size”, “absence of plush seating”, “lack of sleeping spaces”, and “absence of entertainment or food options”. Proposed improvement measures included replacing wall colors with clean and refreshing tones, installing curtains, replacing chairs with comfortable materials suitable for prolonged sitting, and applying non-slip and simple- patterned flooring in learning spaces. In supporting spaces, recommended enhancements included expanding seating distances and creating spaces to address noise issues, introducing comfortable chairs, placing potted plants, and providing personal lighting. For sharing spaces, prioritized improvements involve expanding the number and size of common rooms, creating zones for reclining, and introducing plush seating, and incorporating potted plants. This study can propose directions for the design of credit-based spaces in middle and high schools, which will be officially implemented from 2025. It can also examine users’ responses to credit-based spaces and identify specific spatial requirements and improvement measures associated with the introduction of the High-School-Credit-System in middle and high schools. Additionally, the study can explore ways to utilize the increasing unused space due to decrease in the number of students or reconfigure existing school spaces based on user suggestions to enhance student well-being in credit- based spaces.

Improving indoor air quality in schools using mechanical systems : focused on particulate matter and carbon dioxide

나후승 Graduate School, Yonsei University 2023 국내박사

Recently, fine dust was classified as a Group 1 carcinogen, so global interest in the danger it poses is increasing. Fine dust is more dangerous to the health of children whose respiratory systems are still developing than to healthy adults, so national efforts are being made to reduce fine dust levels in schools. The Ministry of Education implemented air quality management standards in the School Health Act of 2006, suggested countermeasures against high concentrations of fine dust in schools, and provided air purifiers for each classroom nationwide. Recently, academics and parents are increasingly calling for improvements to the overall air quality in schools, including not only fine dust but also carbon dioxide. In this study, I present a mechanical system that can improve schools’ air quality. This dissertation makes three major contributions. The first contribution is that it presents the efficacy of using air curtains to block the inflow of fine dust into schools both in the laboratory and in three schools over a long period of time. The second contribution is that it discusses air quality improvement methods for different places in schools. First, the airtightness of classrooms in schools was analyzed. Air quality improved in both general classrooms and special rooms. With regard to special classrooms, science classrooms’ air quality was affected by the use of chemicals, technology and housework management classrooms’ air quality was affected by fine dust generated during cooking, and food service classrooms’ air quality was affected by fine dust inflows due to doors to the outside always being open. The third contribution is that it presents a plan for how classroom equipment can be operated. It discusses why ventilation should be prioritized over using air purifiers in existing schools and how to improve air quality without excessive noise, which has become an issue recently. The effectiveness of this plan was tested in schools. This dissertation presents a plan for how to mechanically improve school air quality. Its key contents are how to block the inflow of fine dust, how to improve the air quality of different types of rooms in schools, and a plan for operating mechanical air quality improvement systems. I hope that this thesis will be used by schools across the country to improve their air quality for their students’ benefit.

(The) impact of socio-economic factors on dropouts from primary school in Senegal

Dame Diop Graduate School of Government, Business, and Entre 2021 국내석사

The study aimed at assessing the impact of socioeconomic factors on dropouts from primary school in Senegal. The study sample comprised of 100 respondents divided into two groups 50 parents and 50 students. Secondary data was collected through structured questionnaire and various statistical tools were applied. Descriptive statistics was used to describe frequencies and percentages of the results, Chi-square test was used to examine the significance of association and logistic regression was used to find the relationship between independent and dependent variables of the study. The information collected from respondents were based on socioeconomic and demographic characteristics (gender, age, education and income level. Marital status, farms need more people, financial support from parents, farm size, intended age of marriage, parent’s work, student’s other occupation and parents bring children to farms) and school related factors (school events attendance, class repetition, school distance and frequency of parents control at home). It was observed that farm size, parents bring children to farms, age of student, other occupation for student, intended age of marriage and parent’s work had significant relationship with school dropout. The study recommends that the provision of education is necessary to clarify and educate people on the value of education for children to have a better future; the more people understand the importance of education, the lower the number of school dropout rates as a result the environment and economy of the society is improved. Thus education should be promoted to the communities as the key factor for socio-economic development. Besides, the government and education stakeholders should provide consultation to farmers, especially those who have small plots of lands knowing that they tend to send their children to the farm because they don’t have enough income to pay the school fees. So it requires supports for them instead of keeping their children out of school to support domestic chores or farming. Additionally, the government, NGOs and civil society’s organization should widen the employment opportunities to the local communities especially for the unemployed people because as the research shows people who don’t have work, their children tend to dropout school. Moreover, the awareness programs for the community such as the mindset change against negative traditional values that were reduced the pace of education to rural people should be eliminated henceforth. The Ministry of Education needs to outline the research agenda in view of developing strategies to improve access and success within the education sector, especially as regards to basic education. Research-based methods should be developed to reduce the dropout rate, especially in high poverty and remote rural schools. The research agenda should include: - Analysis of the effectiveness of policies and practices as well as determining policy gaps - Tracking cohorts of learners at risk of dropping out - Exploring best practices at schools and ensure their replication - Developing monitoring and evaluation instruments to assess progress and impact of policy and practice. 이 연구는 세네갈의 초등학교 중퇴자에 대한 사회경제적 요인의 영향을 평가하는 것을 목표로 한다. 학부모 50명과 학생 50명으로 나뉘어진 100명의 응답자를 대상으로 연구를 진행했다. 구조화된 설문지를 통해 2차 데이터를 수집하고 다양한 통계 도구를 적용했다. 기술 통계량은 결과의 빈도와 백분율을 기술하는 데 사용되었고, 카이 제곱 검정은 연관성의 유의성을 검사하는 데 사용되었으며 로지스틱 회귀 분석은 연구의 독립 변수와 종속 변수 사이의 관계를 찾는 데 사용되었다. 응답자에게 수집한 정보는 사회경제적 요인(성별, 연령, 교육과 소득 수준, 혼인 여부, 농장의 인원 보충 여부, 부모로부터의 경제적 지원, 농장 규모, 목표 혼인 연령, 부모의 직업, 학생의 다른 직업, 그리고 학생을 농장에 데리고 가는 부모 등)과 학교 관련 요인(교내 행사 참여, 수업의 반복, 학교까지의 거리, 그리고 부모의 통제 빈도 등)을 기반으로 하였다. 농장 규모, 학생을 농장에 데리고 가는 부모, 학생의 연령, 학생의 다른 직업, 목표 혼인 연령, 그리고 부모의 직업은 학교 중퇴에 중요한 관련이 있음이 관찰되었다. 이 연구는 아이들이 더 나은 미래를 향유할 수 있도록 교육의 가치를 명확히 하고 교육하기 위해 교육의 제공이 필요하다고 권고한다. 많은 사람들이 교육의 중요성을 이해할수록, 사회의 환경과 경제가 개선되는 결과로서 학교 중퇴율이 낮아질 것이다. 그러므로 교육은 사회 경제적 발전의 핵심 요소로서 지역사회에 촉진되어야 한다. 게다가, 정부와 교육 이해당사자들은 농부들, 특히 그들의 자녀들을 농장으로 보내는 경향이 있고 소규모의 농지를 소유한 농부들에게 자문을 제공해야 하는데 학교 등록금을 지불할 충분한 소득이 없기 때문이다. 따라서 학생들이 학교 외에 집안일 혹은 농장일을 거들도록 하는 대신 그들에 대한 지원을 요청한다. 추가적으로, 정부, NGO, 그리고 시민사회단체는 실업자들의 자녀가 학교를 중퇴하는 경향이 있기 때문에 이 실업자들을 위해 지역 사회로 취업 기회를 넓혀야 한다. 게다가, 농촌에 대한 교육의 속도를 줄인 부정적인 전통적 가치에 대한 사고방식 변화와 같은 지역사회를 위한 인식 프로그램은 앞으로 사라져야 한다. 교육부는 특히 기초교육과 관련하여 교육 분야 내에서 접근성과 성공을 향상시키기 위한 전략을 개발한다는 관점에서 연구과제의 개요를 제시할 필요가 있다. 특히 고빈곤과 외딴 시골학교에서 중퇴율을 줄일 수 있는 연구 기반의 방법을 개발해야 한다. 연구 과제는 다음을 포함해야 한다. - 정책 및 실행의 효과 분석 및 정책 격차 파악 - 중퇴 위험이 있는 학습자의 집단 추적 – 학교에서의 모범 사례 탐색 및 복제 보장 - 정책 및 실행의 진행 상태와 영향을 평가하기 위한 모니터링 및 평가 도구 개발

Individual Learners' Attitude, Motivation and Listening Proficiency in Secondary EFL Classroom in Korea

최갑균 Graduate School of Education, Sogang University 2002 국내석사

본 연구는 한국 중·고등학생들의 영어학습에 대한 태도와 동기와 듣기 능력 사이에 관계를 분석하는 데 목적이 있다. 본 연구에서 규명되어야 할 연구문제는 아래와 같다. 1. 한국 중·고등학교 영어학습자들의 영어학습동기는 어떤 요인들이 있는가 2. 중·고등학교에서 성별과 학년들 사이에 미국인에 대한 태도와 영어학습태도에는 각각 의미 있는 차이가 있는가 3. 태도와 동기 수준과 듣기 능력 점수사이에 각각 의미 있는 차이가 있는가 4. 태도와 동기 요인 과 듣기 능력 점수 사이에는 어떤 관계가 있는가 본 연구는 경기도 지역에 있는 중·고등학생 717명을 대상으로 하였다. 본 연구를 위하여 사용된 도구는 설문지와 영어듣기 평가였다. 설문지는 Gardner, R.C.와 Lambert, W.E. (1972)의 “Attitude and Motivation Test Battery"에서 인용하여 Lee (1996a)와 Do¨rnyei (1990)가 발전시킨 설문지이고, 듣기 능력 평가는 전국 15개 시·도 교육청이 연합으로 실시하는 듣기 평가 문제를 활용하였다. 표집 된 자료는 SPSSWIN 프로그램을 이용하여 분석하였으며 t 검증, 상관분석, 요인분석을 하였다. 분석된 결과는 아래와 같다 : 1. 이 특수한 상황에서 6개의 동기 동인이 추출되었고 그들은 내적 동기, 중요성, 통합적 동기, 외적동기, 의사소통 그리고 실용성이었다. 2. 한국 중·고등학교 학생들은 영어가 좋은 직업을 얻는 데 필수적이며, 영어가 세계공통어이고, 영어가 어느 분야에서나 중요하고, 영어가 필수 과목이라는 것을 믿고 있으며, 이것은 한국 중·고등학생들은 영어의 중요성을 충분히 인식하고 있다는 것을 의미한다. 3. 동기성향 가운데 중·고등학교에게 듣기 능력 점수와 높은 상관이 있는 공통된 항목은 ‘영어를 좋아한다’는 항목이고, 중학교 1·2학년 학생들은 ‘영어의 중요성’이, 고등학교 1·2학년 학생들은 ‘친구를 사귀기 위해서’와 ‘영어를 좋아하기 때문’이라는 항목이 듣기 능력과 높은 상관이 있었다. 4. 대체로 중학교 1학년 학생들은 내적 동기와 중요성과 관련하여, 중학교 2학년 학생들은 내적 동기, 중요성, 외적동기, 의사소통 과 실용성과 관련하여 영어 공부를 한다. 반면에, 고등학교 1학년 학생들은 의사소통과 관련하여, 고등학교 2학년 학생들은 중요성과 실용성과 관련하여 영어공부를 한다. 5. 미국인에 대한 태도와 영어학습에 대한 태도는 여학생이 남학생보다 더 긍정적인 태도를 보여주었다. 6. 학년사이에 미국인과 영어학습에 대한 태도에 큰 차이를 나타내었고 특히 중학교 1학년 학생들은 현격한 차이를 나타내었으며 미국인과 영어학습에 대하여 호의적인 태도를 가지고 있다. 7. 영어 듣기능력의 상·하 집단에 따른 영어학습에 대한 태도는 상·하 집단사이에 커다란 차이가 있었다. 8. 동기와 태도 변인들은 듣기능력과 의미 있는 상관관계가 있으며 영어학습에 대한 긍정적인 태도를 가진 학생들이 또한 동시에 영어학습에 대한 부정적인 태도를 가지고 있다. 9. 듣기 능력과 가장 밀접한 관계를 가지고 있는 변인은 영어학습태도이고 그 다음으로는 영어학습 동기이고 미국인에 대한 태도는 거의 상관관계가 없었다. 다시 말하면, 영어학습에 대한 태도가 가장 중요하였다. 10. 중학교 학생들이 고등학생들보다 동기요인과 듣기 능력 사이에 더 높은 상관이 있다. 여학생들이 남학생들보다 동기요인과 듣기능력사이에 더 높은 상관이 있다. 동기요인과 듣기능력사이에 상관관계가 있는 순서는 내적 동기요인, 중요성요인, 실용성요인, 의사소통요인, 통합적요인 순서이다. The object of this study is to analyze the relation of individual Learners' Attitude, Motivation and Listening Proficiency in Secondary EFL Classroom in Korea. The research questions investigated in this study are as follows: 1. what factors affect in learning English motivation of learners in secondary school? 2. Is there any significant difference in the attitude toward American and learning English between gender, and among grades in secondary school? 3. Is there any significant difference between the level of attitude/motivation and the score of a listening proficiency test? 4. Is there a relationship between attitude/motivation factors and the score of a listening proficiency test? Subjects in this study were 717 students of secondary school in Kyonggi Province area. The instruments used for this study were a questionnaire and an English listening proficiency test. The former was one adapted from “Attitude and Motivation Test Battery" (Lambert, W.E. and Gardner, R.C. 1972) and developed by Lee (1996a) and D?rnyei (1990). The latter was an English listening proficiency test supervised by National 15 municipal and provincial Board of Education in Korea. The collected data was analyzed through SPSSWIN program. The statistical tests used for the analysis were t-test, correlation analysis, and factor analysis. From the analysis, the following conclusions could be drawn: 1. The study shows that six motivational orientation factors were retained in this particular context and they were intrinsic motivation, importance, integrative motivation, extrinsic motivation, communication, and practicality. 2. Korean secondary school students believe that English is essential to get a good job, English is the world common language, English is important in any field, and English is a required subject. This means that Korean secondary school students are fully aware of the importance of English. 3. Among motivational orientations, the common items that are highly correlated with the score of listening proficiency for secondary school students are liking English; for the first and second middle school students is the importance of English; for the first and second high school students are making friends and liking English. 4. Wholly the first year middle school students study English related with intrinsic motivation and importance and the second year middle school students study English related with intrinsic motivation, importance, extrinsic motivation, communication, and practicality. On the other hand, the first year high school students study English related with communication and the second year high school students study English related with importance and practicality. 5. The female students have more a positive attitude than the male counterparts toward American and learning English. 6. There was a significant difference between grades, especially the first year middle school students show a striking difference. The first year middle school students have a favorable attitude toward American and learning English. 7. There was the greatest difference in the attitude toward learning English between the high and low level group according to the high and low level of score of listening proficiency test. 8. Motivational and attitudinal variables have significant correlations with the score of listening proficiency, and the students who have positive attitude toward learning English also have a negative attitude toward learning English at the same time. 9. The variable that has the closest relationship with listening proficiency is the attitude toward learning English, and the next variable is the learning English motivation, and the attitude toward American have few significant correlations with listening proficiency. That is to say, it shows that the positive attitude toward learning is very important. 10. The middle school students have higher levels of correlation between motivation factors and listening proficiency than the high school students. The female students have higher levels of correlation between motivation factors and listening proficiency than the male students. The order of the correlation levels between motivation factors and listening proficiency showed intrinsic motivation factor is the highest correlation level and follows importance factor, practicality factor, communication factor, and integrative factor.

Factors affecting absenteeism of female students in public secondary school in province-2 of Nepal

Raju Prasad Sah Graduate School of Government, Business, and Entre 2019 국내석사

본 연구의 목적은 네팔 province-2 지역에 소재하는 공립중등학교 여학생들의 부등교(결석)에 영향을 미치는 원인에 대하여 조사연구 방법을 통하여 분석하고, 드러난 문제점을 해결하기 위한 방안을 모색하는 것이다. 개발도상국의 학교에서 학생들, 특히 여학생들의 부등교 및 중도탈락은 학교교육 정책에 관련된 중요한 이슈다. 네팔의 경우 다양한 원인에 의하여 여학생들의 학교출석 비율이 낮은 수준에 머물고 있으며, 이를 해결하기 위한 중앙정부 차원의 다각적인 노력이 이루어지고 있으나 실효성이 떨어지고 있다. 따라서 지역사회 및 학교, 학생 특성에 기인하는 학생결석 원인을 면밀히 분석하여 교육정책 수립 및 집행에 반영하는 것이 무엇보다 중요하다. 본 연구는 네팔 province-2의 Bara 와 Parsa 지역에 소재는 3개 공립중등학교에 재학 중인 여학생 120명(9-10학년, 나이는 11-19세, 생활가족수는 4-32명)을 대상으로 설문조사를 통하여 설정한 연구문제를 해결하고자 하였다. 설문조사는 현지에서 직접 조사형태로 이루어졌고, 수집된 데이터는 SPSS프로그램을 통해 기술통계 결과를 분석하였다. 조사결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 월경, 계절적 영향, 가족구조, 과제수행 등의 어려움이 여학생들의 결석률에 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그 외에도 다양한 변인들이 학교결석률에 영향을 미치고 있지만 앞의 변인들에서 특히 유의한 차이가 발견되었다. 본 연구 결과는 향후 네팔에서 지방교육의 교육환경 및 복지시스템 개선에 필요한 시사점을 제공할 것이다. There are several factors which affect regular presence of female students in school in developing countries. Lower attendance rate is seen as one of the vital hindrance in academic achievement; therefore it is suggested that the female students’ regularity is the direct indicator for the better academic result.The federal government has launched many programs to increase student’s enrollment and keep them regular at school. Some special programs are launched for economically weak and Dalit girls to maintain their regularity to school. The provincial government of province-2 is focusing on “Save girls and Educate girls” special program for female students’ empowerment, but the status of female students are not as better as expected. The female students in public secondary school are found more frequently being absent in comparison to male students. To find out what are the responsible factors causing frequent absenteeism in female students in public secondary school in province-2 of Nepal, a survey was conducted in Bara and Parsa districts out of eight districts of province-2. Data for this study was collected via personal interview of 120 students from the 9th-10th grades of 3 different schools from Bara and Parsa districts of province-2. As the focus point of this study was female students’ absenteeism, all the respondents, i.e. 69 and 51 girl students were from grade 9 and 10 respectively. The questionnaire including quantitative and qualitative questions were given to respondents and discussed to collect their response on demographic factors which had included number of siblings, education level and occupation of parents; physiological factor included menstruation; family and school related factors included parental dispute, household works, family functions, misbehavior of classmates and teachers, perception about school and incomplete homework and natural and geographical factors included seasonal effect and distance of school from residence of students. A descriptive analytical study of data collected by the survey showed that menstruation; seasonal effect; functions at home and incomplete homework had significant relation with absenteeism as they were responsible to increase absenteeism, Whereas, number of siblings, parents’ education and occupation, parental dispute, household activities and distance of school from residence, misbehavior by classmates and teachers had no relation with absenteeism. Female students’ absenteeism is seen as a critical problem in the public secondary school ofprovince-2 of Nepal which has direct relation to one’s academic performance. The students, who miss their classes often, are becoming poor performer which is causing not to attend school again as a vicious cycle.

(The) effects of school-related gender-based violence on students' absenteeism in primary schools in Southern and Eastern Africa

이소라 Graduate School of International Studies, Korea Un 2019 국내석사

This study examines the relationship between school-related gender-based violence (SRGBV) and students’ absenteeism in primary schools in 14 Southern and Eastern African countries. Gender-based violence (GBV) in school severely jeopardizes the student’s health and reduces educational outcomes. In sub-Saharan Africa, gender-based violence in school is more problematic due to the deeply ingrained gender inequality. To investigate the relationship between SRGBV and absenteeism, this study employs multivariate regression and a large cross-country dataset, the third round of Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ) data. Results indicate that school-related gender-based violence with teachers as perpetrators increases student absence rates in primary schools, especially for sexual harassment, while there is no correlation between pupils’ violence and students’ absenteeism. GBV adversely affects the whole school environment by inhibiting direct and indirect victims’ learning. Furthermore, GBV is rooted in power relation, which is more powerful for teacher-to-pupil relation than pupil-to-pupil relation, and punishment for the teacher’s perpetration in too light in sub-Saharan Africa. Although this research is not without limitations, it does imply that stronger law enforcement on perpetrators, protection of victims, and enhanced teacher training are needed in order to ensure safe school environments.