Challenges facing the effective implementation of inclusive education program for children with disabilities in public primary schools in Limuru sub-county, Kiambu county in Kenya

Gitau Thomas Njoroge Graduate School of Government, Business, and Entre 2017 국내석사

케냐에서 장애가 있는 어린이는 초창기부터 특수 학교에 등록되어 있습니다. 이로 인해 일반 학교와 분리되어 있습니다. 이러한 사실을 깨닫고 정부와 핵심 교육 관계자들은 정규 학생과 함께 배울 주류 학교에 이러한 학습자를 포함시키는 것이 중요하다는 것을 깨달았습니다. 정부와 이해 관계자들의 많은 노력이 현실화되었습니다. 그러나 특수 교육을 필요로 하는 아동을 대상으로 하는 과정이 국가의 모든 주류 초등학교에서 성공하지 못했기 때문에 이는 제대로 이루어지지 못하고 있습니다. 이를 위해 케냐의 키암부 주에 있는 장애 아동을 위한 포괄적인 교육 프로그램의 효과적인 실행에 직면 한 어려움을 발견하기 위한 연구의 기초를 형성했습니다. 이 연구는 교육 기획자 및 기타 이해 관계자에게 제기된 문제에 대한 중요한 정보를 제공하고 문제에 대한 가능한 조치와 권장 사항을 제안했습니다. 이 연구는 셔먼과 우드 (Sherman and Wood, 1982)에 의해 발전된 평등 기회의 고전 이론에 기초를 두고 있습니다. 이 연구의 목적은 다음과 같습니다. Limuru Sub 주의 공립 초등학교에서 장애 아동을 위한 포괄적인 교육의 실시 상태를 탐색하고, 장애 아동을 위한 포함 과정의 효과적인 시행을 방해하는 요인을 파악하고, 직면한 과제에 대한 그럴듯한 제안 및 응답을 수립합니다. 이 연구는 설명 된 목표와 연구 질문에 대답하기 위해 데이터를 수집 할 때 서술적인 설문 조사 디자인을 채택했습니다. 이 연구는 교사 및학부모들 사이에서 진행되었습니다. 대상 인구에는 그 지역에 있는 40 개의 공립 초등학교, 40 명의 선생님, 546 명의 초등 교사 및 약 5,000 명의 부모가 포함되었습니다. 이 연구 샘플에는 포괄적인 교육 프로그램을 제공하는 14 개의 모든 공립 초등학교가 포함되었습니다. 14 개 학교의 교사 중 14 명이 선발되었으며, 56 명의 교사, 각 4 명의 샘플링 학교에서 4 명, 각 학교의 56 명의 학부모 4 명이 포함되었습니다. 총 126 명의 응답자가 응답했습니다. 조사 도구에는 설문지, 관찰 체크리스트, 인터뷰 일정 및 문서 분석이 포함되었습니다. 분석에는 질적 및 양적 분석이 모두 포함되었습니다. 질적 분석은 기존 문헌의 결론을 고려한 반면 정량적 분석은 빈도수 및 평균 분포, 표, 합계 및 수집 된 데이터를 의미있는 그룹 및 추후 분석을 위한 표로 응축하기 위한 백분율 계산에 나타난 응답자의 의견에 대한 결론과 관련되어 있습니다. 수집 된 데이터는 SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences)를 사용하여 분석되었으며 빈도 테이블 및 비율의 형태로 제공되었습니다. 이 연구는 포괄적 인 교육의 실행 상태가 육체 및 보조 시설, 교사의 교육 및 교육 자원, 부모의 요인 및 아동의 참여 과정을 가로막는 장벽으로 작용한 사회적 문화적 측면에서 수많은 도전에 직면했다는 것을 발견할 수 있었습니다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 학교 시설 및 커리큘럼의 수정을 보다 포괄적이고 조정 가능하게 만들고 포괄적인 교육을 처리하기 위해 더 많은 교사를 양성하기 위한 노력을 강화해야 합니다. 장애 문제에 대한 인식 창출과 포괄적인 교육의 필요성에 있어 주요 교육 이해 관계자 들간의 공동 노력이 있어야 합니다. 또한 포괄적인 교육을 지원하기 위해 자금이 증가해야 합니다. 케냐의 주 정부는 또한 포괄적인 교육 프로그램을 시행함에 있어 주요 이해 관계자로서 인정 받고 참여해야 합니다. Children with disabilities have in Kenya have been enrolled in special schools since the early years of independence. This led to their segregation from the regular schools. On realizing this, the government and the key education stakeholders realized the importance of having these learners included in the mainstream schools where they would learn with the regular pupils. A great deal of effort from the government and the stakeholders have been made to make this a reality. However, this has not been successful since the inclusion process for children with special learning needs have not been successful in all the mainstream primary schools in the country. This formed the basis of the study in trying to find out the challenges faced in the effective implementation of the inclusive education program for children with disabilities in Limuru Sub County of Kiambu County in Kenya. The study sought to provide valuable information on the challenges to educational planners and other stakeholders and suggest possible measures and recommendations to the problem. The study was based on the on the Classical Theory of Equal Opportunities advanced by Sherman and Wood (1982). The objectives of the study were; To explore the status of implementation of inclusive education for children with disabilities in public primary schools in Limuru Sub County, to determine the factors hindering the effective implementation of the inclusion process for children with disabilities and to establish the plausible suggestions and responses to the challenges facing the implementation of an inclusive education program for children with disabilities. The study adopted a descriptive survey design in collecting data in order to answer the outlined objectives and the research questions. The study was carried out among teachers, head teachers and parents. The target population included 40 public primary schools in the area, 40 head teachers, 546 primary school teachers and about 5000 parents. The study sample included all the 14 public primary schools offering inclusive education program. From the 14 schools, all the 14 head teachers were selected, 56 teachers, four from each sampled school and 56 parents 4 from each school were also included. This gave a total of 126 respondents. The research instruments included questionnaires, observation checklists, interview schedules and document analysis. The analysis included both qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative analysis considered the conclusions from the existing literature while Quantitative analysis involved the conclusions on the respondents' opinions presented in frequency counts and mean distributions, tabulation, totals and calculation of percentages aimed at condensing the data collected into meaningful groups and tables for further analysis. Data collected was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and presented in form of frequency tables and percentages. The study found out that the status of implementation of inclusive education was faced with numerous challenges in terms of physical and aiding facilities, teachers’ training and teaching resources, parental factors and social cultural factors which acted as barriers to the process of inclusion of children with disabilities. In addressing the challenges, more efforts need to be enhanced in the modification of school facilities and curriculum to become more inclusive and accommodative and to train more teachers to handle the inclusive education. There should be concerted efforts among the key educational stakeholders in awareness creation on the disability issues and the need for inclusive education. There should be increased funding to support inclusive education. The County governments in Kenya should also be recognized and involved as major stakeholders in the implementation of inclusive education programs in the country.

Factors affecting absenteeism of female students in public secondary school in province-2 of Nepal

Raju Prasad Sah Graduate School of Government, Business, and Entre 2019 국내석사

본 연구의 목적은 네팔 province-2 지역에 소재하는 공립중등학교 여학생들의 부등교(결석)에 영향을 미치는 원인에 대하여 조사연구 방법을 통하여 분석하고, 드러난 문제점을 해결하기 위한 방안을 모색하는 것이다. 개발도상국의 학교에서 학생들, 특히 여학생들의 부등교 및 중도탈락은 학교교육 정책에 관련된 중요한 이슈다. 네팔의 경우 다양한 원인에 의하여 여학생들의 학교출석 비율이 낮은 수준에 머물고 있으며, 이를 해결하기 위한 중앙정부 차원의 다각적인 노력이 이루어지고 있으나 실효성이 떨어지고 있다. 따라서 지역사회 및 학교, 학생 특성에 기인하는 학생결석 원인을 면밀히 분석하여 교육정책 수립 및 집행에 반영하는 것이 무엇보다 중요하다. 본 연구는 네팔 province-2의 Bara 와 Parsa 지역에 소재는 3개 공립중등학교에 재학 중인 여학생 120명(9-10학년, 나이는 11-19세, 생활가족수는 4-32명)을 대상으로 설문조사를 통하여 설정한 연구문제를 해결하고자 하였다. 설문조사는 현지에서 직접 조사형태로 이루어졌고, 수집된 데이터는 SPSS프로그램을 통해 기술통계 결과를 분석하였다. 조사결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 월경, 계절적 영향, 가족구조, 과제수행 등의 어려움이 여학생들의 결석률에 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그 외에도 다양한 변인들이 학교결석률에 영향을 미치고 있지만 앞의 변인들에서 특히 유의한 차이가 발견되었다. 본 연구 결과는 향후 네팔에서 지방교육의 교육환경 및 복지시스템 개선에 필요한 시사점을 제공할 것이다. There are several factors which affect regular presence of female students in school in developing countries. Lower attendance rate is seen as one of the vital hindrance in academic achievement; therefore it is suggested that the female students’ regularity is the direct indicator for the better academic result.The federal government has launched many programs to increase student’s enrollment and keep them regular at school. Some special programs are launched for economically weak and Dalit girls to maintain their regularity to school. The provincial government of province-2 is focusing on “Save girls and Educate girls” special program for female students’ empowerment, but the status of female students are not as better as expected. The female students in public secondary school are found more frequently being absent in comparison to male students. To find out what are the responsible factors causing frequent absenteeism in female students in public secondary school in province-2 of Nepal, a survey was conducted in Bara and Parsa districts out of eight districts of province-2. Data for this study was collected via personal interview of 120 students from the 9th-10th grades of 3 different schools from Bara and Parsa districts of province-2. As the focus point of this study was female students’ absenteeism, all the respondents, i.e. 69 and 51 girl students were from grade 9 and 10 respectively. The questionnaire including quantitative and qualitative questions were given to respondents and discussed to collect their response on demographic factors which had included number of siblings, education level and occupation of parents; physiological factor included menstruation; family and school related factors included parental dispute, household works, family functions, misbehavior of classmates and teachers, perception about school and incomplete homework and natural and geographical factors included seasonal effect and distance of school from residence of students. A descriptive analytical study of data collected by the survey showed that menstruation; seasonal effect; functions at home and incomplete homework had significant relation with absenteeism as they were responsible to increase absenteeism, Whereas, number of siblings, parents’ education and occupation, parental dispute, household activities and distance of school from residence, misbehavior by classmates and teachers had no relation with absenteeism. Female students’ absenteeism is seen as a critical problem in the public secondary school ofprovince-2 of Nepal which has direct relation to one’s academic performance. The students, who miss their classes often, are becoming poor performer which is causing not to attend school again as a vicious cycle.

Effects of parent involvement on students' academic performance in Fiji

Vuniani Nakatabula Vasu Graduate School of Government, Business, and Entre 2021 국내석사

연구는 피지의 Vanuabalavu에 있는 Adi Maopa 중학교에서 중학생들의 학업성취에 부모의 개임이 미치는 영향을 탐구했다. 연령, 형제 자매 수, 학력, 가계 소득, 부모의 취업 상태와 같은 부모의 사회경제적 요인과 학생의 학업 성취도 사이의 관계를 연구하였다. 또한 성별 및 영어 능력과 같은 학생 요소에 중점을 두었다. 이와 함께 부모의 관여(양육, 학교와의 소통, 가정에서의 학습, 지역사회와의 협업)의 일부 측면과 학생들의 학업성취도와의 관계에도 초점을 맞췄다. 연구 샘플은 Adi Maopa 중학교에 재학 중인 학생 100명으로 구성되었으며, 이 학생들을 관찰하기 위해 학생과 학부모 100명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시했다. 데이터 수집을 위해 학생과 학부모 모두에게 두 세트의 서로 다른 설문지가 제공되었으며, 데이터는 빈도, 카이-제곱, 상관 관계 및 로지스틱 회귀를 통해 분석되었다. 이 연구는 부모 연령, 교육 수준, 고용 상태와 같은 요인이 부모에게 영향을 미치는 것처럼 보였더라도 모든 부모의 사회학적 요소와 학생 요소가 더 나은 학업 성취도를 예측한다는 것을 밝혀내지 못했다. 하지만, 이 연구는 부모들의 참여와 학생들의 학업 성취 사이의 강한 연관성을 보여주었다. 이 연구는 정부가 정책 개혁을 통해 부모들의 참여를 강화하고 부모들의 개입을 개선하기 위한 워크숍을 구성할 것을 권고하고 있다. 학부모들에게, 야간 통행금지를 설정하고, 밖에서 노는 아이들의 시간, TV 시청 시간, 휴대전화 사용 시간, 컴퓨터 사용 시간을 감시하고, 출석률을 감시하고, 취침시간을 통제하고, 학교 규율과 규칙을 지원하는 것이 적극 권장된다. 이와 함께 학교 행정부는 학부모 참여를 막는 장벽(근무 시간에 학부모-교사 회의를 조직하고, 학부모에게 충분한 신뢰를 주지 않는 등)을 제거하고 투명하게 학교 자금을 관리하고 교내 문제에 대해 우려를 표하는 학부모를 따뜻하게 환영해야 한다. 이것은 부모들이 그들의 자녀 교육에 관여할 모든 권리를 가지고 있다는 것을 알게 할 것이다. 다른 하나는 학교장이 학교 프로그램과 진도에 대해 학교-가정 간, 가정-학교 간 의사소통 방법의 질적이고 효과적 활용을 보장해야 한다는 점이다. 또한 지방정부는 학교, 학부모, 지역사회가 긍정적인 소통의 기회를 더 많이 만들어야 한다. 대부분의 권고안은 학부모와의 워크숍 실시를 요구하기 때문에, 중앙정부는 각 학년 내에 학교장이 학부모에게 제공해야 하는 학부모 참여 형식에 대한 커리큘럼을 설계해야 한다는 의견이 높다. 이를 통해 학부모 대다수가 자녀 학업성취도에서 자신의 역할과 책임을 이해할 수 있게 된다. This research explored the effects of parental involvement on secondary school students’ academic achievement at Adi Maopa Secondary School in Vanuabalavu, Fiji. The relationship between parents’ socio-economic factors such as age, number of siblings, education level, household income and parent’s employment status and students’ academic achievement has been studied. Also it focused on student factors such as gender, English proficiency, attitude and term 1 exam result. Together with this, the study also concentrated on the relationship between some aspects of parental involvement (parenting, communicating with the school, learning at home, collaborating with the community) and students’ academic performance. The study sample consisted of 100 students attending Adi Maopa Secondary school and to observe these students, the survey was carried out to the 100 students themselves and their parents. Two sets of different questionnaire were given to both students and parents for the collection of data which were then analyzed through frequencies, chi-square, correlations and Logistic regression. This study did not reveal that all parents’ socio-demographic factors and student factors predict better academic achievement even if a factor like parent’s age, education level employment status, student’s attitude and student’s early exam result seemed to have an impact on them. However, the study revealed a strong connection between parental involvement and students’ academic achievement. The study recommends that the government strengthens parents’ involvement through policy reforms and organizes workshops to improve parental involvement. For parents, it is highly suggested to set curfews, monitor the children time of playing outside, TV watching hours, phones, computer; monitor attendance; control children bedtime and support the school discipline plan and rules. Together with this, schools’ administrations must try to eliminate barriers that prevent parental involvement, (organizing parents-teachers’ meetings at working hours, not giving enough credit or consideration to parents…), manage transparently the schools’ funds and warmly welcome parents who show concerns about the school matters. This will let parents know that they have all the rights to be involved the education of their children. The other one is that school heads must ensure to utilise quality and effective communication methods from school-to-home and from home-to-school about school programs and progress.Also the local government, must create more opportunities for positive communication among the school, parents, and community. Since most recommendations requires workshops to parents, therefore it is highly suggested that the central government must design a curriculum on parent involvement types that needs to be addressed by school heads to parents within each academic year. This will allow majority of the parents to understand their roles and responsibilities in their children academic performance.

(The) impact of socio-economic factors on dropouts from primary school in Senegal

Dame Diop Graduate School of Government, Business, and Entre 2021 국내석사

The study aimed at assessing the impact of socioeconomic factors on dropouts from primary school in Senegal. The study sample comprised of 100 respondents divided into two groups 50 parents and 50 students. Secondary data was collected through structured questionnaire and various statistical tools were applied. Descriptive statistics was used to describe frequencies and percentages of the results, Chi-square test was used to examine the significance of association and logistic regression was used to find the relationship between independent and dependent variables of the study. The information collected from respondents were based on socioeconomic and demographic characteristics (gender, age, education and income level. Marital status, farms need more people, financial support from parents, farm size, intended age of marriage, parent’s work, student’s other occupation and parents bring children to farms) and school related factors (school events attendance, class repetition, school distance and frequency of parents control at home). It was observed that farm size, parents bring children to farms, age of student, other occupation for student, intended age of marriage and parent’s work had significant relationship with school dropout. The study recommends that the provision of education is necessary to clarify and educate people on the value of education for children to have a better future; the more people understand the importance of education, the lower the number of school dropout rates as a result the environment and economy of the society is improved. Thus education should be promoted to the communities as the key factor for socio-economic development. Besides, the government and education stakeholders should provide consultation to farmers, especially those who have small plots of lands knowing that they tend to send their children to the farm because they don’t have enough income to pay the school fees. So it requires supports for them instead of keeping their children out of school to support domestic chores or farming. Additionally, the government, NGOs and civil society’s organization should widen the employment opportunities to the local communities especially for the unemployed people because as the research shows people who don’t have work, their children tend to dropout school. Moreover, the awareness programs for the community such as the mindset change against negative traditional values that were reduced the pace of education to rural people should be eliminated henceforth. The Ministry of Education needs to outline the research agenda in view of developing strategies to improve access and success within the education sector, especially as regards to basic education. Research-based methods should be developed to reduce the dropout rate, especially in high poverty and remote rural schools. The research agenda should include: - Analysis of the effectiveness of policies and practices as well as determining policy gaps - Tracking cohorts of learners at risk of dropping out - Exploring best practices at schools and ensure their replication - Developing monitoring and evaluation instruments to assess progress and impact of policy and practice. 이 연구는 세네갈의 초등학교 중퇴자에 대한 사회경제적 요인의 영향을 평가하는 것을 목표로 한다. 학부모 50명과 학생 50명으로 나뉘어진 100명의 응답자를 대상으로 연구를 진행했다. 구조화된 설문지를 통해 2차 데이터를 수집하고 다양한 통계 도구를 적용했다. 기술 통계량은 결과의 빈도와 백분율을 기술하는 데 사용되었고, 카이 제곱 검정은 연관성의 유의성을 검사하는 데 사용되었으며 로지스틱 회귀 분석은 연구의 독립 변수와 종속 변수 사이의 관계를 찾는 데 사용되었다. 응답자에게 수집한 정보는 사회경제적 요인(성별, 연령, 교육과 소득 수준, 혼인 여부, 농장의 인원 보충 여부, 부모로부터의 경제적 지원, 농장 규모, 목표 혼인 연령, 부모의 직업, 학생의 다른 직업, 그리고 학생을 농장에 데리고 가는 부모 등)과 학교 관련 요인(교내 행사 참여, 수업의 반복, 학교까지의 거리, 그리고 부모의 통제 빈도 등)을 기반으로 하였다. 농장 규모, 학생을 농장에 데리고 가는 부모, 학생의 연령, 학생의 다른 직업, 목표 혼인 연령, 그리고 부모의 직업은 학교 중퇴에 중요한 관련이 있음이 관찰되었다. 이 연구는 아이들이 더 나은 미래를 향유할 수 있도록 교육의 가치를 명확히 하고 교육하기 위해 교육의 제공이 필요하다고 권고한다. 많은 사람들이 교육의 중요성을 이해할수록, 사회의 환경과 경제가 개선되는 결과로서 학교 중퇴율이 낮아질 것이다. 그러므로 교육은 사회 경제적 발전의 핵심 요소로서 지역사회에 촉진되어야 한다. 게다가, 정부와 교육 이해당사자들은 농부들, 특히 그들의 자녀들을 농장으로 보내는 경향이 있고 소규모의 농지를 소유한 농부들에게 자문을 제공해야 하는데 학교 등록금을 지불할 충분한 소득이 없기 때문이다. 따라서 학생들이 학교 외에 집안일 혹은 농장일을 거들도록 하는 대신 그들에 대한 지원을 요청한다. 추가적으로, 정부, NGO, 그리고 시민사회단체는 실업자들의 자녀가 학교를 중퇴하는 경향이 있기 때문에 이 실업자들을 위해 지역 사회로 취업 기회를 넓혀야 한다. 게다가, 농촌에 대한 교육의 속도를 줄인 부정적인 전통적 가치에 대한 사고방식 변화와 같은 지역사회를 위한 인식 프로그램은 앞으로 사라져야 한다. 교육부는 특히 기초교육과 관련하여 교육 분야 내에서 접근성과 성공을 향상시키기 위한 전략을 개발한다는 관점에서 연구과제의 개요를 제시할 필요가 있다. 특히 고빈곤과 외딴 시골학교에서 중퇴율을 줄일 수 있는 연구 기반의 방법을 개발해야 한다. 연구 과제는 다음을 포함해야 한다. - 정책 및 실행의 효과 분석 및 정책 격차 파악 - 중퇴 위험이 있는 학습자의 집단 추적 – 학교에서의 모범 사례 탐색 및 복제 보장 - 정책 및 실행의 진행 상태와 영향을 평가하기 위한 모니터링 및 평가 도구 개발

Assessing the effects of parental involvement on students' behavior and academic performance in Senegal : the case of secondary and high schools in Ziguinchor

Sagna, Bassirou Graduate School of Government, Business and Entrep 2017 국내석사

이 연구는 세네갈의 Ziguinchor 지역에서 학부모 참여가 중등 및 고등학생의 행동 및 학업 성적에 미치는 영향을 조사입니다. 소득, 교육 수준, 가구 규모, 결혼 상태, 학생 행동 및 학업 성취와 같은 부모의 사회 인구 학적 요인들 간의 관계가 연구되었습니다. 그런 다음 학부모 참여 (육아, 자원 봉사, 학교와의 의사 소통, 가정에서의 학습, 지역 사회와의 협력) 및 학생들의 행동과 수행의 일부 측면 간의 관계에 중점을 두었습니다. 연구 표본은 지그 친초 (Ziguinchor)의 중등 및 고등학교 재학생 부모 167 명으로 구성되었으며, 빈도 및 분석 방법 (Anova 및 Independent T-test)을 통해 분석 된 데이터를 수집하기 위해 설문지를 작성했습니다. 이 연구는 가구 크기와 같은 요소가 그들에게 영향을 미쳤다 고하더라도 모든 부모의 사회 인구 학적 요인이 더 나은 행동과 학업 성취를 예측한다는 것을 밝혀 내지 못했습니다. 그러나 학업에 의해 학부모 참여와 학생들의 행동 및 학업 성과 사이의 긴밀한 연관성이 입증되었습니다. 이 연구는 중앙 정부가 정책 개혁을 통해 학부모 협의회를 강화하고 학부모 참여를 향상시키기 위한 워크샵을 조직 할 것을 권고합니다. 또한 학교 행정관은 부모의 자녀 교육 참가를 방해하는 장벽을 제거하는 것이 좋습니다. 마지막으로 학부모의 경우 학부모-교사 회의에 참석하고 학교와의 정기적인 의사 소통을 하며 학교 활동에 자원하고 집에서 자녀의 학습을 모니터링하고 시간을 보내면서 자녀의 교육에 더욱 연루되는 것이 좋습니다. This research explored the effects of parental involvement on secondary and high school students’ behavior and academic performance in the region of Ziguinchor in Senegal. The relationship between parents’ sociodemographic factors such as income, education level, household size, marital status and students’ behavior and academic achievement has been studied. Then the study focused on the relationship between some aspects of parental involvement (parenting, volunteering, communicating with the school, learning at home, collaborating with the community) and students’ behavior and performance. The study sample consisted of 167 parents of students attending secondary and high school in Ziguinchor to whom a questionnaire was administrated to collect the data which has been analyzed through frequencies, and means of comparison (Anova and Independent T-test) This study did not reveal that all parents’ sociodemographic factors predict a better behavior and academic achievement even if a factor like household size seemed to have an impact on them. However, a strong connection between parental involvement and students’ behavior and academic performance has been established by the study. The study recommends that the central government strengthens parents’ association through a policy reform and organizes workshops to improve parental involvement. It is also recommended that school administrators eliminate barriers that hinder parents’ participation in the education of their children. And finally, for parents, it is recommended to be more implicated in the education of their children by attending parents-teachers’ meetings, having a regular communication with the school, volunteering in schools’ activities and monitoring their child learning at home, playing hours, TV and bed time.

How open government affecting participation, corruption and economic growth? : a case study in east Java Province of Indonesia

Nadhiyah, Yazilatun Graduate School of Government, Business and Entrep 2018 국내석사

The development of information and communication technology (ICT) has laid growing pressure on the public sector and government and is expected to become more open, transparent and accountable. The Indonesian government is no exception. The country has launched Law No. 14 of 2008 on Freedom of Information to ensure implementation of open government in order to create a more transparent and accountable government This research study concentrates on determining how the implementation of open government at local government level in Indonesia. According to statistical test from the citizens’ perception, how local government ensures citizens’ freedom to express their opinion, freedom of assembly and association and the government’s responsiveness to appear well implemented. However, the quality of information from the government, complaint mechanism and how the local government creates citizen engagement mechanism are the elements that need to be improved. There is still very low awareness on the citizens’ right to know any public information and the government’s open data is the lowest variable that critically needs improvement in an open government implementation according to the respondents’ perception. This research study also tries to prove that the open government result theory from the World Bank, which states that the implementation of open government could increase the people’s participation and economic growth. In addition, it could also reduce corruption practice in government. The study revealed that implementation of open government positively can increase people’s participation and economic growth. However, in the East Java province of Indonesia not all of the elements of open government implementation have been positive in reducing corruption. According to citizens’ perception, freedom of expression, assembly and association results in a negative relationship with the government’s effort to reduce corruption. This study also proposes a policy for the local government to successfully implement an open government.

Local governments’accountability and public trust in Nepal

Narayan Aryal Graduate School of Government, Business, and Entre 2021 국내석사

정부에 대한 시민의 신뢰는 정부 기관의 효과적인 기능을 위해 필수적입니다. 민주적 거버넌스의 정당성과 효과성을 높이고 시민들 간의 협력을 촉진합니다. 그 중요성에도 불구하고 정부와 정치 조직에 대한 대중의 신뢰는 선진국과 개발 도상국 모두에서 적어도 지난 30 년 동안 지속적으로 감소하고 있습니다. 정부에 대한 대중의 신뢰가 전 세계적으로 핵심 관심사로 남아 있기 때문에 개혁 전략은 공공 부문에 대한 신뢰를 높이기 위한 의제에 의해 주도되었습니다. 책임 강화에 대한 추구는 최근 수십 년 동안 공공 부문 개혁의 원동력이었습니다. 탈 중앙화 기반의 대중 참여는 서비스가 제공되는 지역 수준에서 신뢰가 가장 높은 경향이 있다는 사실에 의지함으로써 전 세계적으로 개혁의 주요 추세가 되었습니다. 신뢰는 정부에게 일어나는 일이 아니라 정부가 그들의 행동과 정책을 통해 영향을 미칠 수 있는 것입니다. 정부에 대한 시민의 신뢰는 여러 요인의 영향을 받기 때문에 개발 도상국에서 중요한 신뢰의 동인을 파악하는 데 필요합니다. 성능 및 문화 이론은 대중의 신뢰에 영향을 미치는 측면을 탐구하기 위해 현대 연구에서 널리 사용됩니다. 이 연구는 Koppell (2005)의 책임 모델을 적용하여 투명성, 결과에 대한 시민의 책임에 대한 대응 성, 규칙 지향적 책임 및 통제 가능성을 포함하는 다각적인 공공 책임을 개념화합니다. 책임감은 일반적으로 대중의 신뢰를 유지하는 데 기능적으로 기여하는 경우가 많습니다. 이러한 배경에서 본 연구의 목적은 네팔의 맥락에서 대중 참여의 중재 효과를 통해 책임 성과 대중 신뢰의 관계를 조사하는 것입니다. 대중 참여의 중재 효과를 통해 책임과 대중의 신뢰 사이의 관계를 더 잘 이해할 수 있는 분석 프레임 워크가 개발되었습니다. 가설을 실증적으로 테스트하기 위해 네팔의 3 개 지방 정부에서 두 개의 다른 지방에 있는 횡단면 (우편) 조사를 실시했습니다. 598 개의 분산 설문 조사 중 총 504 개의 응답이 반환되어 84.8 %의 응답률을 기록했습니다. 다중 회귀 분석을 기반으로 한 결과는 책임과 공공 신뢰 사이의 인과 관계를 확인했습니다. 보다 구체적으로, 투명성, 대응성 및 대중 참여의 구성과 관련된 데이터는 네팔에 대한 대중의 신뢰에 대한 중요한 예측 요인으로 밝혀졌지만 책임은 중요한 예측 요인이 아닙니다. 조사 결과에 따르면 정부에 대한 신뢰는 정부의 성과와 네팔 사람들의 문화적 측면 모두에 달려 있다고 합니다. 그러나 성과 측면이 더 영향력 있는 것으로 나타났습니다. 연구 결과는 이론적 및 실제적 의미를 모두 가지고 있습니다. 이 연구는 인식 된 대중 참여의 조절 효과를 추가하여 진행중인 문헌의 '성과-신뢰 모델'에 기여합니다. 또한 중앙, 지방 및 가장 중요한 지방 정부의 다양한 행위자가 프로세스, 프로그램, 계획 및 진행 과정에서 보다 투명하고, 공공의 요구와 요구를 충족시키는 데 응답하고, 정책 결정 및 의사 결정에 참여하여, 대중의 신뢰를 유지하고 회복합니다. Citizens’ trust in government is sin qua non for effective functioning of government institutions. Despite its importance, public trust in government and political organizations is in continuous decline for at least last three decades in both advanced and developing countries. Since public trust in government has remained an issue of core concern around the globe, reform strategies have been driven by agendas to increase trust in public sector. Decentralization-based public participation has become the major trend of reform all around the world by resorting on the fact that trust tend to be highest at local level, where services are delivered. Trust is not something that just happens to government, but something that government can influence through their actions and policies. Performance and cultural theories are used widely in the contemporary research to explore the aspects influencing public trust. This study applies accountability model of Koppell (2005) to conceptualize multifaceted public accountability, encompassing transparency, responsiveness to citizens’ liability about consequences, rule-oriented responsibility, and controllability. In this backdrop, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between accountability and public trust through the moderation effect of public participation in the context of Nepal. An analytical framework enabling a better understanding of the relationship between accountability and public trust through the moderation effect of public participation was developed. To test the hypothesis empirically, a cross-sectional (mail) survey was conducted in three local governments of Nepal from two different provinces. Multiple regression analysis based results confirmed the causal relationship between accountability and public trust. More specifically, data relating to the constructs of transparency, responsiveness and public participation were found to be significant predictors of public trust in Nepal while liability and responsibility were not significant predictors. Findings suggest that trust in government were dependent on both governments’ performance and cultural aspects of people in Nepal. However, performance aspects were found to be more influential. The findings have both theoretical and practical implications. The study contributes to the ‘performance-trust model’ of ongoing literature by adding the moderating effect of perceived public participation. Also, it recommends different actors in central, provincial, and most importantly, in local government to be more transparent in process, program, plan and progress, responsive in fulfilling public needs and demands, and participative in policy making and decision making to generate, maintain and restore public trust.

Effectiveness of local government financial policy implementation in reducing poverty among women : a case of Dodoma City Council-Tanzania

Lydia Alphonce Mahela Graduate School of Government and Business, Yonsei 2023 국내석사

This study examines local government financial policy's effectiveness in reducing poverty among women- A case of Dodoma city council, Tanzania. The main purpose of the research is to find out the factors hindering women’s accessibility to financial services as well as to examine the impacts of local government financial policy in reducing poverty among women. The study adopted a quantitative research methodology to assess the perception of 300 women registered under the community development department who have access to local government financial services. The findings of this study revealed that organizational effects are positive and significantly related to enabling women the financial service accessed to meet their demands. Further, the study revealed that corruption has a negative significant on loan accessibility and loan meeting demand which is caused by asking for benefits and demands from government officials. Therefore, unnecessary bureaucratic by local government officials should be reduced to enable effective implementation of the financial policy. It is recommended that the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau (PCCB) should work effectively at the district level and have a third eye in the implementation of local government financial policy. Also, the study proposes policymakers amend the loan percentage of the local government's own-source collection from 10% to 20% to enable many women to have access to financial services offered by the local government.

The perceptions of learners and directors of studies on the factors influencing academic performance of students in mixed secondary schools of Bukedea district in Uganda

Atima Christine Graduate School of Government and Business, Yonsei 2023 국내석사

The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of learners and directors of studies on the factors influencing academic performance of students in mixed secondary schools. For purpose to be accomplished the study utilized qualitative approaches, writing down the perceptions and experiences of lower secondary school students through focus group discussions, and the views of the directors of studies through in-depth interviews. 51 participants in total were involved. 48students and 3 directors of studies. Among the students 24 were girls and the other 24 boys. The views of the participants were put coded in to themes. The factors presented were categorized in to student factors, teacher factors, and support system (school-support system and home support). Student factor: self-efficacy, attitude, grit, and discipline. Teacher factors; attitude, teaching methods and personality, for school support system: school environment, classroom environment, guidance and counselling, teaching -learning equipment, and compulsory subjects. For home support: parents’ motivation and family economic background. To enhance academic performance, students should become more motivated, interested, and be positive. Teachers, in particular, should adopt new teaching methods, pedagogical approaches, and personality changes in order to influence learners’ behavior and relationships. The findings of the study demonstrated that a learner's lack of interest, bad attitude, behavior, poor morale, teacher's character and teaching methods, support system, parental motivation, and peer pressure were all factors that affected their academic performance. The collected data from this study would help the secondary schools; administrators, staff, and the Ugandan Ministry of education and Sport in creating a better learning environment, re-evaluate the compulsory subjects at lower secondary level and come up with programs to help the teachers and students during the teaching -learning processing and within the school to improve performance in academics.

Assessment of stakeholder involvement in youth development fund program in serengeti district, Tanzania

Balagaye, Fidel Zacharia Graduate School of Government, Business and Entrep 2018 국내석사

With youth population of 35.1%, Tanzania is facing a great surge of unemployment. Unemployment is facing youth irrespective of their level of education. This tragedy is now even much bigger among university graduates. This is proved by the ILF survey results which show that by level of education, youth with secondary education have the highest unemployment rate of 15.2%, followed by those who have completed university education at 12%. This survey further show that, youth who never attended school have the lowest unemployment rate of 6.6% (NBC, 2014). The growing rate of unemployment has resulted to the emergency of unemployment related problems such as underemployment and having many youth in vulnerable employment. This poses great risks to the majority youth and lead to the continued deterioration of their lives. Self-employment is thus remaining the inescapable option to take for majority youth as the public and private sector capacity to employ has declined. The government of Tanzania currently employs only 2% of youth. The government of Tanzania in a way to address unemployment problems among youth introduced Youth Development Fund (YDF) program. In Tanzania YDF have been running for a number of years. Phase one of YDF was established in 1993/94 and phase two was launched in 2007. Both central and local government authority are charged with the obligation of setting funds for supporting youth to pursue entrepreneurial activities within their youth enterprise groups. Due to budget constraints the government has not been able to set adequate youth funds in its annual budgets. The National Youth Development Policy of 2007 cited the key stakeholders for youth empowerment to include the government, private sector, families and young people themselves. However, this study has revealed the major players of YDF to be the government and the district youth SACCOS. This study aimed to identify the challenges facing youth fund as well as assessing stakeholder involvement in YDF program. Furthermore, the study aimed to explore the constraints which hamper youth enterprise groups to borrow loans from banks and MFIs. Three youth enterprise groups from Serengeti district were selected as cases to provide reliable information needed for analysis and conclusion. The cases were selected on the basis of their effective involvement in YDF since all of them had already received YDF loan. Two cases represented the success cases while one case represented the failure cases in the implementation of YDF loan in Serengeti district. Qualitative data and information was gathered through documentary review from journals, articles and books. Primary data was also gathered to provide additional information. The primary data was collected through phone interview from three leaders representing the selected youth enterprises, district youth officer, youth SACCOS leader and loan officer from private bank. The data from Serengeti district council and the ministry responsible for youth was also used in this study. All collected information was interpreted and summarized to depict the real picture of YDF program, its success, challenges and areas which needed further improvement. The study results showed that YDF program was not performing well in Serengeti district. This was evidenced by the slow growth of the fund which is the result of low involvement of stakeholders and the absence of a specific account for youth fund. Another challenge which was discovered to haunt YDF was poor management from both local government authorities and youth enterprise groups. This study observed the major setbacks for youth enterprises to secure banks’ loans to be the lack of awareness of loan procedures, complicated collateral requirements, and lack of SMEs financing window in banks, high interest rates and limited geographical coverage as banks are centered in towns. This study suggests that the government should partner with the private sector such as banks and MFIs in the whole processes of implementation of youth fund. The government ought to establish a special financial account for youth fund as well as review the current youth fund guidelines to allow the provision of the fund to both youth groups and individual youth. On the other hand financial institutions, banks in particular should introduce a special window for providing services to SMEs and it should as well reduce collateral requirements and loan’s interest rates. This study poses advices to youth enterprises to formalize their businesses and start a network which will link and coordinate youth enterprises in the district.