Knowledge Production and Diffusion of Rural Social Movement : a Case of Agroecological Movement in the Province of Chiang Mai, Thailand

정다정 서울대학교 대학원 2019 국내박사

전 지구적 차원에서 새로운 농촌사회운동으로서 농생태학(agroecology) 운동이 산업화된 식량 체계에 대한 변혁을 강조하며 확산되어 왔다. 이 대안적 형태의 운동은 기존의 농촌개발 패러다임과 정책에 대해 의문을 제기하고 생태적, 사회적, 경제적 지속가능성의 필요성을 강조한다. 농업 분야가 산업화되고 수출 주도적인 성격을 가지는 태국에서도 생태적 원리의 농업체계로의 통합을 강조하는 대안적 농업운동이 광범위하게 전개되어 왔다. 특히, 이 연구는 태국에서 가장 농생태학 운동이 활발하게 진행되어 온 지역 중 하나인 치앙마이주에 주목한다. 이 연구는 사회운동이 어떻게 확산되는지 밝히는 것을 주요 목적으로 한다. 태국 치앙마이의 농생태학 운동 사례에 주목함으로써, 치앙마이 농생태학 운동의 발생과 확산의 과정을 탐색하고, 어떤 요소들이 이 운동을 촉진하였는지를 고찰한다. 이 연구는 사회운동을 사회적으로 형성되는 구성적인 활동으로 가정하면서, 대안적인 농업운동을 단순히 현대 농업체계에 대한 저항을 넘어 새로운 지식을 형성해가는 인지적 공간으로 이해한다. 이에 Eyerman과 Jamison(1991)의 인지적 실천(cognitive praxis) 접근을 확장하여 이론적 틀을 구성하여, 조직(organizational dimension) 측면에 있어 참여적 지식형성과 수평적인 지식 교환 방식이 농생태학운동을 열린 인지적 공간으로 만들었고, 새로운 참여자와 지식의 형성을 독려하여 확장된 인지적 실천과 운동의 확산으로 나아가게 하였다는 점을 논증하였다. 연구방법으로는 질적 사례연구 방법을 적용하였고, 관찰과 면담을 중심으로 연구에 사용된 주요 자료를 수집하였다. 이 연구의 주요 발견은 다음과 같다. 먼저 태국 치앙마이의 농생태학 운동의 초기 단계에서는 NGO를 비롯한 시민사회조직들이 운동을 공고화하는 데 중요한 역할을 하였다. 태국 최초의 유기농 농민시장이 지역 NGO에 의해 치앙마이에 설립되었고, 농민, 소비자, NGO, 대학 연구자의 협업을 통해 북부 지역의 유기농 인증체계가 마련되었다. 또한, 치앙마이의 대학들은 농민과의 협력적 연구, 캠퍼스 내 시장 부지 제공, 훈련 프로그램 운영 들을 통해 농생태학적 아이디어와 지식의 확산을 지원하였다. 다음으로 치앙마이의 농생태학적 전환을 촉진한 요소로 신뢰와 파트너십에 기반한 농민과 지지자의 협업, 장소로서 농민시장, 지식의 수평적 교환을 논의하였다. 이 모든 요소는 농생태학 운동의 지식형성 및 확산과 관련된다. 먼저, 치앙마이의 시민사회 단체와 대학은 지식을 농민들과 함께 생산하고 이를 통해 농생태학적 실천에 참여하는 농민들이 더 많은 힘을 가질 수 있도록 의도하였다. 이어 치앙마이에서 시작되어 전파된 유기농 직거래시장은 소농을 중심으로 농민 간, 농민과 소비자 간 학습이 이루어지고 농업 관련 현안이 논의되는 장소로 기능해왔다. 마지막으로, 농민들이 수평적으로 지식과 아이디어를 교환할 수 있는 무형식의 지식 네트워크가 치앙마이주에서 점진적으로 발전하였다. 결과적으로 연구의 논의에서는 Eyerman과 Jamison의 인지적 실천 접근을 확장한 이론적 틀을 활용하여 치앙마이 농생태학 운동의 확산을 분석하였다. 사회운동의 인지적 실천을 구성하는 세 차원인 우주론적(cosmological), 기술적(technological), 조직적(organizational) 차원 중 조직적 차원은 운동의 의사소통 방식을 의미하며 운동의 방향을 예측하게 하는 것으로 보인다. 치앙마이의 농생태학 운동에서는 참여적 방식의 지식형성과 수평적인 지식 교환이 이 운동을 지속적이며 열린 인지적 과정이 되는데 기여함으로써, 새로운 행위자의 참여와 지식 생산의 기회 확대를 독려하였다. 운동의 조직 방식이 지식형성과 사회변화에 지속해서 기여한다는 점에서 연구의 대상이 된 농생태학 운동은 교육 활동이라 할 수 있다. At global scales, an increasing number of new social movements promote agroecology as their central agenda for transforming the industrialized agri-food system. This alternative agriculture movement raises questions about the dominant rural development thinking and policy and promote ecological as well as social and economic sustainability. The alternative movements advocating the integration of ecological principles into agricultural systems have been active in Thailand, while its agricultural sector has remained remarkably industry-based and export-driven. In particular, this study is focused on the agroecological movement in the province of Chiang Mai, Thailand which is considered one of the most active alternative agriculture movements in the country. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate how a social movement is diffused. By focusing on the case of the agroecological movement in Chiang Mai, the study explores the emergence and diffusion process of the agroecological movement in Chiang Mai, Thailand and investigates what has motivated the movement to be diffused in Chiang Mai. By viewing social movements as socially constituted and cognitive activities, this study assumes that alternative agriculture movements based on agroecological principles do not just react to the problems arising in the modern agricultural system but create their own cognitive space by producing new knowledge. To answer the research questions which have been developed corresponding to the research purposes, the data was mainly collected through field observations and interviews, and the case study method was applied. Findings of the study are as follows. First, it describes the process of agroecological movement in Chiang Mai by focusing on why it emerged and how it has been diffused. In the initial stage of the movement, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) based in Northern Thailand played leading roles in promoting sustainable agriculture based on agroecosystems with their growing recognition of the industrialized agriculture’s negative impact on rural society. Importantly, civil society organizations including those NGOs as well as universities, most of which are based in Chiang Mai, have been major participants in as well as supporters of the movement. In the mid of 1990s, the first farmers’ market where organically grown products are directly traded was set up by an umbrella organization of local NGOs called the Institute for Sustainable Agricultural Community (ISAC) and has expanded inside and outside the Chiang Mai province. The following development of local organic certifications which were built up in a participatory manner contributed to building trust in local products grown in sustainable ways. Moreover, universities in Chiang Mai have continuously supported the diffusion of agroecological ideas, knowledge, and practices through collaborative research with farmers, promotion of farmers’ markets on campus, and education programs for farmers. The next focus is on what has motivated the agroecological movement to be diffused in Chiang Mai, Thailand. The study finds that collaboration between farmers and supporters (trust and partnership), farmers’ markets (place), and horizontal flow of knowledge (knowledge) have gradually contributed to agroecological transition in Chiang Mai. All of these contributors are related to knowledge production and dissemination in the movement. First, civil society groups and universities in Chiang Mai have supported farmers to put their agroecological ideas and knowledge into practice. Farmers, civil society groups, and universities have established an agroecological network in the process of establishing the farmers’ markets and local organic certification standards. With the recognition of traditional knowledge systems, the supporters have worked together and generated knowledge together with the farmers so that they have more power. Second, organic farmers’ markets in Chiang Mai have served as a place of conference as well as learning, which encourages agrarian sustainability. In the beginning stage, farmers’ markets were intended as a place where farmers and consumers could discuss rural problems together and, as a result, enhance rural-urban solidarity. While concerns about individualized entrepreneurship exist, farmers’ markets in Chiang Mai have provided a platform where small-scale farmers communicate with other farmers as well as urban consumers. Third, knowledge networks where farmers horizontally exchange their knowledge and ideas have increasingly appeared in Chiang Mai. As in the case of the open learning space in Maetha and the example of the Participatory Guarantee System (PGS), these networks have expanded opportunities for ‘fugitive’ knowledge of farmers to be regenerated and exchanged. Finally, the discussion section analyzes the diffusion of the agroecological movement in Chiang Mai with a theoretical framework developed by extending Eyerman and Jamison (1991)’s approach of cognitive praxis. To begin with, the dimensions of cognitive praxis - cosmological, technological, and organizational dimension - are applied to the case to explain knowledge produced in the movement process including new organizational forms and principles. Then, the study discusses how the organizational dimension which implies a social movement’s modes of communication gives a direction on the orientation of the movement. It was found that, in the agroecological movement in Chiang Mai, the participatory mode of knowledge production and horizontal knowledge exchange have constituted the movement as an ongoing cognitive process inside which new actors’ participation and broader opportunities of knowledge production are encouraged. In other words, this organizational dimension of the agroecological movement’s cognitive praxis has contributed to the diffusion of the movement by invigorating opportunities for knowledge to be produced, reinvented, and disseminated and for cognitive praxis to be expanded. Thus, the agroecological movement could be referred to as a series of educational activities that continuously develop knowledge and instigate social change, which is a key concern in the critical pedagogical approach.

지식기반사회 지방자치단체의 지적재산정책과 관련법제에 관한 연구

강기환 동국대학교 사회과학대학원 2007 국내석사

In the knowledge-based society, the pro-patent policy was adapted by each countries. For example, the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 in USA represent the successful pro-patent policy. The Act reversed 35 years of public policy and gave universities and small business the unfettered right to own inventions that resulted from federally funded research. Nowadays, the initiative economic powers of USA caused by those policies. Japanese government also tried to the pro-patent policy. In 2004, based on the Koizmi's policy, Japanese government enact the basic law of intellectual property, and local government generate their own policy and order. The writer survey the Japanese local governments' policies and those legal problems. And analysis the lessons from the Japanese government and prefectural government case. In general, both of Korea law and local government's infra structure are not sufficient to purse the effective intellectual property promotion policy. The writer confirm the important and essential role of local government and threat three topics. First, the local government's have to renovation itself for engaging the task of intellectual property generation, protection and commercialization . Especially, collaborative relation between the local government, local universities and local industries. Second, the writer study the role of local government to the genetic resource, traditional knowledge and folklore. Identity of indigenous people and equitable benefit sharing have come under intense discussion. Because increased traditional knowledge, genetic resources and folklore protection may conflict and put in jeopardy long established intellectual property system, it is important that the issue is carefully deliberated. traditional knowledge etc. of indigenous people and developing countries not only stand on equal footing but also harmonize their views with existing intellectual property regime. Our government has opposed the third world's view that patents based on traditional knowledge and products and processes derived from such knowledge should be excluded from being patented. It means that the traditional knowledge becomes a right of intellectual property. In a recent year, each local government acknowledge the value of traditional knowledge etc. The writer reviews recent government and local governments efforts to recognize the important of the traditional knowledge etc. and promote the preservation, protection and commercialization of them. The writer conclude that make some laws should be supportive of traditional knowledge conservation and increasing the use. Pushing for an adaption of the proper laws to be incorporated into legal system which will enable their traditional knowledge to be sufficiently protect and efficiently commercialized. All this points should be considered in the future legislation. Third, The writer review the local image and brand problems. Because agricultural and fisheries product quality control system is not sufficient to protect specialized image and production of local area, 2005 Trademark Code is designed to help geographic indication users maintain their credit and conduce to the industrial development by protecting the geographic indications as intellectual properties. The writer recognize that the local government's role is important to creation of local image, naming, branding, enrolling to Intellectual Property Office, and ultimate commercialization. The concrete belief of the value of intellectual property on the knowledge based society and economy, and effective and longsighted policy orientation based on the law and order, will enhance both of nation and local government's competitive power. And will contribute to promote the quality of the inhabitants' life.

지식관리시스템의 사용과 성과에 영향을 미치는 개인적 요인에 관한 연구

강문상 한국외국어대학교 대학원 2011 국내박사

A Study on the Personal Factors Affecting Knowledge Management Systems' Usage and Performance Kang, Mun Sang Majors in Management Information System Department of Business Administration The Graduate School of Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, Korea Under the rapid business environment change, the ability of creating and sharing knowledge of organization is one of essential elements to secure competitiveness. Many organizations have competitively implemented KMS(Knowledge Management System) for accumulating and diffusing organizational members' knowledge in order to achieve the competitiveness but the failure of establishing KMS has also increased. The cause of the failure does not consider the individual differences affecting knowledge management systems‘ usage and performance adequately. The implementation of information technology is decided by the management, but the final decision of use depends on users’ the perception of social influences, beliefs and attitudes, situational influences, and managerial interventions including individual differences. Previous studies on the Knowledge Management System(KMS)'s usage mainly used organization factors(reward, compensation, management involvement and culture, etc...), system factors(information quality, system quality, availability, etc...) as the influencing factors of usage. Even studies considering the individual differences used influencing factors as the limited variables such as demographics, experience and training; they don't adequately explain how the personal factor affects the KMS usage. This study extends influence factors of TAM(Technology Acceptance Model) to personality, perception of evaluation-reward, KMS-self efficacy and subject norm and then examines the relationship between influence factors, KMS usage and system performance. The survey is collected from KMS users by e-mail, on-line and fax. Among returned 225 questionnaires, 19 questionnaires with low credibility were excluded and then finally 206 questionnaires were chosen for the analysis data. It is analyzed by SPSS and AMOS for the frequency analysis, reliability analysis and CFA(Confirmatory Factor Analysis), SEM(Structural Equation Modeling). The results were as follows. First, both the perception of evaluation-reward and subject norm are positive impact factors of KMS usage. But Openness-to-experience influences negative impact to perceived usefulness, and Emotional stability is not a statistically significant. Second, Extraversion positively moderated the relationship between subject norm and the perceived usefulness. But agreeableness negatively moderated the relationship between subject norm and the perceived usefulness. And then conscientiousness is not significant. Third, KMS-Self Efficacy is significant to the perceived easiness. Fourth, both perceived easiness and perceived usefulness are positively related to the KMS usage. Fifth, KMS usage is significant to personal performance such as knowledge growth, decision making and the ability of problem solving. This study proposed integrated research model to explain the relationship between the personal factor affecting KMS usage and the system performance. In addition, it is proved that the usage of Knowledge Management System positively contributes to improve personal performance. Key Word : knowledge management system, evaluation-reward, personality, system usage, knowledge-growth, decision-making

중등교사의 지식공유행위에 대한 인과모형 검증 : 합리적 행위이론을 중심으로

서혜선 한남대학교 일반대학원 2010 국내박사

전문적인 지식 인력으로서 교사들은 학교체계에서 많은 양의 정보와 지식의 원천이자 창조자이다. 지식관리와 조직의 학습이라는 측면에서 교사들이 지식을 공유하도록 유도하는 요인들은 매우 중요하다. 본 연구의 목적은 지식기반의 교육행정을 위해 중등학교 교사들의 지식공유에 대한 인과적 모델을 검증하는 것이다. 본 연구에서 사용한 모델은 합리적 행위이론 모델이었다. 대전광역시에 근무하고 있는 427명의 중등교사들로부터 수집한 교사의 지식공유행위에 대한 설문자료를 활용하여 경로분석 방법과 이원반복변량분석 방법으로 검증하였다. 연구 결과에 따르면 지식공유행위의 보상에 대한 이론들은 재검증되어야 할 필요성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉 공정성, 신뢰성, 교장의 지원적 리더십은 학교조직의 풍토와 관련성이 있는 것으로 나타났지만 보상에 대한 기대, 관계에 대한 기대, 그리고 조직기여에 대한 기대는 중등교사들의 지식공유에 대한 태도에 긍정적 영향을 미치지는 않는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 지식공유태도와 학교조직의 풍토가 지식공유의도에는 유의미한 변인들이었으나 지식공유의도와 지식공유행위사이에는 이러한 인과적 관계가 발견되지 않았다. Teachers as professional knowledge workers are the sources and creators of much information and knowledge in school system. The factors that induce teachers to share knowledge are important in knowledge management and organizational learning. The purpose of the present study was to test a causal model of knowledge sharing behavior in secondary school teachers for knowledge-based educational administration. The basic research model under investigation was the theory of reasoned action model. The model was empirically examined, using the responses to survey on teachers' knowledge sharing behavior collected from 427 secondary school teachers in Daejeon Metropolitan City. The proposed research model was tested by statistical techniques such as path analysis and two-way mixed ANOVA. The results of this study suggested that the reward for knowledge sharing behavior may need to be reexamined. The fairness, reliability, and principals' supportive leadership were related to the climate of the school organization. However, the expectations for reward, interrelationship between teachers, and the contribution to the school organization did not have positive effects on the attitude toward knowledge sharing among the secondary teachers. Although the attitude toward knowledge sharing and the climate of the school organization were significant variable in the intention of knowledge sharing, there were no significant relationship between the intention of knowledge sharing and the behavior of knowledge sharing. Based on the results, the school administrative strategies were discussed.

개인중심 지식네트워크시스템의 설계 및 구현

강승준 창원대학교 2009 국내석사

This paper proposes a new type of Knowledge Network System to manage knowledge in a systematic manner and to encourage voluntary knowledge sharing through knowledge-to-people and people-to-people networks. The proposed system consists of Personal Knowledge Management Subsystem and Network-based Information Management Subsystem. The Personal Knowledge Management Subsystem consists of Personal Knowledge Map Management Module to systematically manage knowledge structures by individual, Secure Cabinet Module to protect knowledge files and Personal Page Management Module to manage personalized menus and information. The Network-based Information Management Subsystem comprises Knowledge Network Management Module which manages and shares knowledge among members and Collaboration Management Module which assists collaboration among members of an organization.

지역 및 전역적 시각 표상 주입 결합을 통한 지식 기반 시각적 질의 응답

박은환 전북대학교 일반대학원 2023 국내석사

최근 OK-VQA 데이터 집합에 대한 연구는 검색된 명시적 지식 (예: 위키데이터 등)과 암시적 지식 (예: GPT-3)를 추론하여 정답을 생성 혹은 추출하는 것에 집중되어있다. 하지만, 이러한 기존 연구들은 직접적인 시각적 표상 처리 없이 정답을 생성하였으며 이는 다음과 같은 단점이 존재한다: 1) 검색된 명시적 지식은 명확하지 않을 수 있기 때문에 이는 지식 추론 능력을 저하시킬 수 있다. 2) 암시적 지식을 검색하는 것은 상당히 많은 비용을 요구한다. 3) 시각적 질의 응답 태스크라는 특성 상 시각 -- 텍스트의 관계성이 보강되어야 할 필요가 있지만 이는 소홀히 다뤄지고 있다. 이러한 단점들을 해소하기 위해, 본 논문은 글로벌 시각 표상을 $l$번째 인코더 층에 주입하고, 입력을 텍스트 입력과 로컬 표상으로 구성하는 방법을 제안한다. 이는 단일 모달 층을 멀티 모달 층으로 변환하는 효과를 가져올 뿐만 아니라 시각 -- 텍스트의 관계성의 보강을 통해 성능 상승을 이끄는 주요 요인이다. 본 논문은 기존 연구와의 성능 비교를 통해 본 방법의 효과성을 보인다. Recent studies on OK-VQA have been focused on reasoning over retrieved explicit knowledge and implicit knowledge to answer the question without any visual understanding, which have several drawbacks as follows: 1) retrieved explicit knowledge may be too noisy whose knowledge causes falling the knowledge reasoning ability; 2) retrieving implicit knowledge requires unaffordable costs; 3) visual representations may be neglected since the task needs to reason beyond visual – text semantic relationship. To address these, we propose ``Hybrid Infusion of Local and Global Visual Representations for Knowledge-based Visual Question Answering'' which injects the global visual representations into $l$-th encoder of pre-trained language models and feeds local visual representations with textual inputs, thereby allowing us to converts uni-modal interaction to multi-modal interaction and strengthening visual -- text relationship. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our model by outperforming several baselines.

KNOWLEDGE CO-CONSTRUCTION DURING COLLABORATIVE LEARNING

정혜선 University of Pittsburgh 1998 해외박사

This study examined knowledge co-construction during collaborative learning. Knowledge co-construction was defined in this study as a knowledge construction process in which all of the members of a group participate. The product of knowledge co-construction was assessed by examining the shared knowledge constructed before and after collaboration. Specifically, this study addressed the following three questions: (1) What is the extent of shared knowledge constructed after collaborative learning? (2) Is there a relationship between the construction of shared knowledge and learning? (3) What aspects of collaboration are critical to knowledge co-construction? After an individual pre-test, college student pairs collaborated to study a biology text about the human circulatory system, which was followed by an individual post-test. Shared knowledge was defined as the knowledge (e.g., individual knowledge piece or mental model} possessed by both members of the pairs. Comparison of their pre-test and posttest performance showed that (1) students shared more knowledge after collaborative learning, both in terms of individual knowledge pieces and their mental models about the human circulatory system. (2) The high-learning pairs constructed more shared knowledge than low-learning pairs, although they constructed about the same amount of unshared knowledge. (3) Construction of shared knowledge was significantly correlated to students' answers to more conceptual questions, whereas construction of unshaved knowledge was significantly correlated only with students' performance on verbatim questions. (4) Construction activities during collaboration (e.g., drawing or generating explanations) were important. (5) Higher-level explanations took more turns, thus more interaction, to generate than lower-level explanations. This study showed the importance of interaction and supported the idea of knowledge co-construction during collaboration.

경쟁적 온라인 커뮤니티 구성원의 지식공유의도에 관한 연구

전현규 경희대학교 일반대학원 2014 국내박사

오늘날 경쟁은 피할 수 없는 현실이다. 경쟁 상황 속에서 개인들은 협력자인 동시에 경쟁 상대가 될 수 있다. 이러한 경쟁은 개인뿐만 아니라 조직 간에도 존재한다. 그런데 조직차원에서 기업들은 경쟁 중에도 경쟁상대와 서로 협력하기도 한다. 이러한 행위를 협조적 경쟁 즉, 코피티션(coopetition)이라고 한다. 협조적 경쟁은 주로 지식공유(知識共有)의 형태로 나타난다. 기업들은 공동의 이익을 추구하기 위해 지식을 공유하는 반면, 경쟁기업을 능가하기 위해 공유된 지식을 자신만의 이득을 위해 사용한다. 그런데 지나친 경쟁은 지식공유에 방해가 될 수도 있다. 샐러드 뷔페 체인기업인 Fresh Choice와 경쟁기업인 Zoopa의 인수합병 이후의 심한 경쟁적 갈등으로 인해 Zoopa의 경영 노하우를 공유하는데 실패한 것이 그 대표적인 사례이다. 따라서 개인이나 기업 간의 지식공유 행위를 연구하는데 있어 심리적 요인으로써 ‘경쟁’에 대한 고려는 매우 중요하다. 그러나 지금까지의 지식경영이나 지식공유에 대한 연구를 살펴보면 이러한 경쟁적 요인을 고려한 연구는 사실상 미비하였다. 대부분의 개인 간 혹은 조직 간의 지식공유 행위나 현상들은 사실상 우호적인 맥락에서 주로 연구되었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 지식을 공유하는 당사자 간에 암묵적인 또는 잠재적인 경쟁 관계가 존재할 것이라는 시각에서 개인들의 지식공유 의도에 대해 연구하고자 하였다. 즉, 개인들이 스스로에게 불이익이 될 수도 있는 잠재적 경쟁상황이 예상됨에도 불구하고 자발적으로 지식을 공유하는 현상을 발견하고, 이와 관련하여 그러한 개인들의 지식공유 의도에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하고자 하였다. 더불어 본 연구에서는 개인 간에 작용하는 경쟁심 외에 개인이 자신이 속한 조직에 대해 갖는 심리적 요인으로써 소속감을 인식하는 강도 차이에 따른 집단 간 구성원들의 지식공유의도에 영향을 미치는 요인에는 어떤 차이가 있는지를 확인해 보았다. 추가적으로 본 연구에서는 개인들이 간직한 ‘지식의 질’의 차이에 따라 지식공유의도의 영향 요인에 차이가 있을 것인가에 관심을 갖고, 이러한 차이를 실제로 확인해 보기 위해 단순정보 기여경험 집단과 고급지식 기여경험 집단으로 분류하여 구성원들의 지식공유의도에 영향을 미치는 요인에는 어떤 차이가 있는지를 확인해 보았다. 이를 위하여본 본 연구에서는 다음과 같이 4가지 Research Question을 제시 하였다. 첫째, 잠재적 경쟁상황이 예상되는 온라인 지식공유 커뮤니티 구성원들 간에는 ‘암묵적 경쟁관계’는 존재하는가? 둘째, 잠재적 경쟁상황 하에서 궁극적으로 불이익이 예상됨에도 불구하고 개인들의 자발적인 지식공유 의도에 영향을 주는 요인은 무엇인가? 셋째, 개인들의 지식공유 의도가 개인 간의 심리적 요인인 경쟁심에 의해 영향을 받는다면, 개인들이 자신이 속한 조직에 대하여 갖는 심리적 요인으로 소속감(membership)에도 영향을 받을 것인가? 또 그 강도의 차이에 따른 집단 간 지식공유의도의 영향요인에는 어떤 차이가 있는가? 넷째, 경쟁심과 소속감에 대한 인식뿐만 아니라, 개인이 자신이 소유한 지식에 대해 느끼는 심리적 요인으로써 단순정보나 고급지식과 같이 지식의 질의 차이에 따라 개인들의 지식공유의도에는 차이가 있는가? 따라서, 본 연구에서는 이와 같은 Research Question을 해결하고자 잠재적 경쟁관계가 예상되는 온라인 지식공유 커뮤니티에서 지식공유 활동을 하고 있는 개인들을 대상으로 궁극적으로 본인에게 피해가 예상되는 경쟁관계임에도 불구하고 자발적으로 지식을 공유하고자 현상을 실증적으로 규명해 보고자 하였다. 연구결과, 첫 번째 Research Question에 대한 연구결과, 즉 일반적으로 개인들은 경쟁자들과 자신의 지식을 공유하지 않을 것으로 기대되는데, 최근 잠재적 경쟁상황이 예상되는 온라인 지식공유 커뮤니티에서 개인들 간의 지식공유가 활발하게 이루어지고 있는 현상과 관련하여, 개인들은 타인을 경쟁관계로 인식하는지에 대한 연구 결론은 특정 커뮤니티 내 지식공유 상황에서 암묵적 경쟁관계는 실제로 어느 정도 존재하는 것으로 예측되었다. 두 번째 Research Question에 대한 연구결과, 즉 궁극적으로 자신에게 불이익이 예상되는 경쟁상황 하에서 경쟁인식 외에 개인들의 지식공유 의도에 영향을 주는 기타 요인들은 무엇인가에 대한 연구 결과와 관련하여, 개인들의 지식의 기여의도에는 몰입, 상호호혜, 돕는즐거움, 정서유대, 노력기대, 전문성 등이 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났으며, 개인들의 지식의 활용의도에는 욕구의 통합과 충족, 경쟁인식, 상호호혜, 몰입, 노력기대, 소속감 등이 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 세 번째 Research Question에 대한 연구결과, 즉 개인들의 심리적 요인들이 지식공유 의도에 어떤 영향을 미치는가에 대한 연구 결과와 관련하여, 결과적으로 개인과 개인 간에 느끼는 심리적 요인으로써 경쟁인식 외에 개인이 조직에 대하여 갖는 심리적 요인으로서 소속감과 개인이 자신이 지닌 지식에 대하여 갖는 애착감과 같은 심리적 요인으로써 지식의 질(고급지식 또는 단순정보) 역시 지식공유 의도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었으며, 이들 심리적 요인들의 강도 차이에 따라 영향 요인에도 큰 차이가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 네 번째 Research Question에 대한 연구결과, 즉 경쟁인식의 강도 차이에 따라 영향 요인에도 차이가 있는지를 살피고자한 연구결과와 관련하여, 개인들의 경쟁인식의 강도 차이에 따라 영향 요인에도 분명한 차이가 있는 것으로 고려되었다. 또한 소속감의 강도 차이에 따라 영향 요인에도 차이가 있는지를 살피고자한 연구결과와 관련하여, 개인들의 소속감의 강도 차이에 따라 영향 요인에도 분명한 차이가 있는 것으로 고려되었다. 마지막으로 지식의 질에 따른 영향 요인에도 차이가 있는지를 살피고자한 연구결과와 관련하여, 지식의 질의 차이에 따라 영향 요인에도 차이가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이러한 결과는 개인이나 기업 간의 지식공유 행위를 연구하는데 있어 경쟁인식과 더불어 소속감 등과 같이 지식공유 당사자인 개인들이 갖는 다양한 차원의 심리적 요인들이 고려될 필요가 있다는 것을 보여주었다. 따라서 본 연구는 개인들의 지식공유행위와 관련하여 지식공유의 당사자인 개인들의 관계를 우호적 관계가 아닌 경쟁적 시각에서 보았다는 점과 다양한 차원에서 개인들의 심리적 요인들이 고려되었다는 점 등에서 본 연구의 의의는 매우 크다고 할 수 있다. Excessive rivalry between individuals can impede the sharing of knowledge. The failure to share Zoopa’s management know­how after Fresh Choice Chain bought Zoopa restaurants is a good example of this. It is therefore very important that researchers consider ‘rivalry’ as a psychological factor when studying knowledge sharing behavior between individuals or organizations. However, in previous studies on knowledge management and knowledge sharing, there has not been sufficient focus on the effect of rivalry. Most of the knowledge sharing behaviors between individuals or organizations that have been studied focus mainly on the context of a friendly perspective. Therefore, this study tried to investigate the individuals' intentions to share knowledge from the point of view of potential competition between the parties. The aim of this study is to investigate why people voluntarily contribute knowledge to others in the competitive online communities where potential competition is expected to be present between members, despite the fact that it can be a disadvantage to themselves. In addition, we are also interested to know whether the individuals of the communities actually recognize the other party as rival. Then we tried to find out the factors affecting the intentions of knowledge sharing depending on the difference between the intensity of competitive recognition. With regard to membership as a psychological factor towards the organization that the individuals belong to, besides the sense of rivalry, the difference of factors influencing knowledge sharing intentions between the members of groups separated by the difference in the strength of the membership was also investigated. Further, as a psychological factor towards the knowledge owned by individuals, expecting the quality of knowledge - valuable knowledge or simple information - that an individual considers to be important would also influence individuals’ knowledge sharing intention, the difference of factors influencing knowledge sharing intentions between the members of groups separated by the experience in providing valuable knowledge or simple information was also investigated. To achieve the purposes of these studies mentioned above, four research questions are presented as follows. First, in relation to the purpose of this study to investigate why people voluntarily share knowledge with others in the competitive online communities where potential competition is expected to be present between members, do members of the communities actually recognize the other party as a rival? Second, despite the expected potential disadvantage under competitive conditions, what factors influence the individuals’ voluntary intentions to share knowledge? Third, if there is a difference in the factors affecting individuals’ knowledge sharing intentions according to the difference in the awareness of the rivalry, is the membership, too? And then, what about the difference of factors influencing knowledge sharing intentions between the members of groups separated by the difference in the strength of membership? Finally, as well as the sense of rivalry and membership, what about the difference of the factors according to the quality of knowledge by the experience in providing valuable knowledge or simple information? Our hypotheses are established mainly on the basis of the theories of TPB (theory of planned behaviour), TRA (theory of reasoned action), Social Capital Theory, and Sense of Community Theory to develop a research model and hypotheses for this study. To test the proposed research model and the hypotheses, we adopted the survey method for data collection, and examined our hypotheses using the statistical tools of Amos software for structural equation modeling, and SPSS software for the multiple regression analysis method to analyze the collected data. The unit of analysis is the individual. We target the people who share knowledge in the competitive online communities preparing for the job exams to pass the national level or municipal civil service and the public enterprises funded by the government. The findings of this study are as follows. According to the analysis result for the first research question, the members in the competitive online communities actually recognized the other party as a rival. In the second study, the factors of commitment, reciprocity, enjoy helping, shared emotional connection, effort expectancy, and self-rated expertise have been found to affect individuals’ intention to contribute knowledge. And the factors of integration and fulfillment of needs, sense of rivalry, reciprocity, commitment, effort expectancy, and membership have been found to affect individuals’ intention to seek and adopt knowledge. In the third study, the factors of membership and quality of knowledge as psychological factors have also been found to affect individuals’ intentions to share knowledge. In the study for the final research question, it has been found that depending on the difference in the strength of the three dimensions of psychological factors, that is, for others, for the organization, and for the knowledge of their own, and depending on whether it is valuable knowledge or simple information, there was a difference in the factors influencing the intention to share knowledge.

The Impact of Knowledge Stock on Exploration Decision and Performance

박찬희 서울대학교 대학원 2017 국내석사

This study explores the impact of firm’s knowledge stock on firm’s decision to choose exploration and performance afterwards. Due to the rising complexity of technology and the increasing difficulties in technological innovation, the attention to the firm’s knowledge stock is rising, since it represents their core-competence, absorptive capacities, and innovation capabilities in general. Therefore, in this study, firm’s accumulated knowledge stock and its’ role on firm’s exploration decision and performance is examined. Moreover, the effectiveness of the method of knowledge accumulation is accesses. Empirical analysis is conducted using probit-model on Korean manufacturing firms’ patent and financial data. Our findings suggest that first, firm’s accumulated knowledge stock increases firm’s likelihood of choosing exploration. Second, firm’s knowledge stock has positive relation with firm’s performance after exploration. Third, internally accumulated knowledge stock shows stronger relation with firm performance after their exploration decision.

The Effects of Differential Empowering Leadership on Employee’s Knowledge Sharing and Knowledge Hiding

SONG YUANZHAO 가천대학교 글로벌캠퍼스 일반대학원 2024 국내박사

Knowledge, as a strategic resource within organizations, forms a crucial foundation for supporting their growth and development. Effective knowledge management depends greatly on the sharing of knowledge assets among workers. These resources usually include both explicit knowledge, which is readily accessible and documentable as data and information, and tacit knowledge, encompassing unstructured, hard-to-articulate skills, methods, experiences, and insights. However, employees often hesitate to share their own technical expertise, knowledge, information, and experiences to maintain their competitive advantage within the organization, and companies cannot compel employees to share knowledge. The root cause lies in how knowledge is perceived during its creation and utilization. Knowledge is seen as a non-competitive public good during the knowledge creation process, whereas it is regarded as a non-exclusive private asset during knowledge utilization. Thus, understanding how to effectively facilitate knowledge flow within organizations is a key concern for both academia and businesses. The behavior of leaders is crucial in shaping and impacting every facet of employee conduct. With the advent of the era of organizational flattening, authoritarian leadership is increasingly struggling to adapt and dynamically match the environment it faces. In such a scenario, empowering leadership that emphasizes 'leading others to self-leadership' is becoming a widely used leadership style in practical business management. Leaders motivate employees to grow and achieve organizational goals by delegating authority and allocating resources appropriately. In organizations, leaders often practice differentiated leadership due to constraints in time, energy, and resource availability. This approach involves strategically allocating resources among team members in an optimized manner. In essence, empowerment is not a uniform process applied equally to all. At present, academic circles have not reached a consensus on whether differentiated empowering leadership hampers the smooth exchange and sharing of knowledge among workers, or leads to adverse outcomes like the concealment of knowledge. Consequently, this study proposes the need for thorough investigation into how differentiated empowering leadership influences knowledge sharing and hiding, along with its limitations and mechanisms. This study aims to delve deeply into how this form of leadership affects knowledge dynamics within organizations, offering theoretical insights for developing more effective leadership strategies and enhancing knowledge flow efficiency in businesses. This paper begins by reviewing and organizing existing literature, both domestic and international, on topics such as differentiated empowering leadership (DEL), organizational cynicism (OC), knowledge sharing (KS), knowledge hiding (KH), and relational social capital (RSC). This paper combining the classical theories of organizational behavior, and social comparison theory. Subsequently, the paper undertakes both a small-sample pilot test and a large-scale formal survey, collecting 308 valid questionnaires. These data are then empirically tested using statistical software. In light of the theoretical assumptions and observed data, this study formulates its conclusions, exploring the underlying processes and limiting factors among the variables. This provides scientific managerial knowledge for corporate applications. Finally, it summarizes the limitations encountered during the research process and looks towards future prospects. The study reveals the following: (1) DEL significantly and positively impacts organizational cynicism. (2) The immediate prediction of knowledge sharing and hiding behavior by DEL was not significant. (3) Organizational cynicism acts as a unique mediating factor connecting DEL with the actions of knowledge sharing and hiding. (4) Relational social capital moderates the adverse impact of organizational cynicism on knowledge sharing and modifies its positive influence on knowledge hiding behaviors.