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      H. Bergson에 있어서 의식의 진화와 자유의 단계

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      https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T13747039

      • 저자
      • 발행사항

        대전: 忠南大學校 大學院, 2015

      • 학위논문사항

        학위논문(박사) -- 忠南大學校 大學院 , 철학과 서양철학 전공 , 2015. 2

      • 발행연도

        2015

      • 작성언어

        한국어

      • DDC

        190 판사항(22)

      • 발행국(도시)

        대전

      • 기타서명

        Evolution of the Consciousness and Freedom's stages in H. Bergson

      • 형태사항

        iii, 208 p.; 26 cm.

      • 일반주기명

        충남대학교 논문은 저작권에 의해 보호받습니다.
        지도교수:송영진
        참고문헌 : p. 195-203

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      다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

      This dissertation aims at the analysis of Bergson’s view on freedom. Bergson argues that freedom starts from the consciousness and has distinct characteristics in every distinguished thing, and has stages. Freedom in his view is always related to human, human freedom is in its true meaning the absolute intuition of the consciousness. Furthermore, the intuition in his view is simply the ‘movement’ itself, “not a shepherd boy seeing a floating water.” The meeting between my own consciousness of freedom and my whole personality obtains my own original freedom. At that moment, in its large meaning, the consciousness is considered a being, means life.
      The problem of freedom is drew from the theory of duration and the attempt to use this theory to resolve the relation between the life and the substance. The important category that Bergson applies when developing his own metaphysics is the confrontation between time and space. This confrontation makes his philosophy look like a dualism. But his philosophy is in fact the monism based on the duration. First of all, in his view, time is the duration which has no possibility of being divided and in which heterogeneous elements permeate each other and change. In contrary space consists of homogeneous elements which can divide and be lasted, and comprises those elements into a parallel set.
      Thus the spatial meditation cannot describe the true movement, and in order to say about the movement, there is no way but to explain the method of finding traces of points that movement has experienced, means in order to reconstruct the movement, we must resolve it into elements and then try to combine them. As regards the problem of freedom, the question ‘whether time is space’ signifies that the freedom is achieved in the flowing time, not in the passed time.
      The problem of freedom starts from the illumination of ‘me’ and follows the traces of appearances occur from the consciousness and the perception to the basis of life. Freedom appears as the definite and actual form of the real being in the process of life and experience. And at this starting line of freedom Bergson composes the philosophy of duration in which the consciousness is evolved. It is based on the original force namely the vital impulse and this evolution of consciousness is completed based on the human intellect.
      This dissertation, for the purpose of explaining the freedom in Bergson’s view, would like to clarify that his important viewpoint is that the intellect is completed in human on the foundation of time and space. Freedom is at the same time the metaphysical problem which is of universal interest in philosophical sphere, and the real action taken from every human being. This real action is taken from each human’s choice, and thus the choice is related to the problem of perception. And as the result the perception is considered the problem of active dimension, means the activity, not the problem of the speculative intellect.
      The problem of freedom illuminates the subject’s activity presented as ‘me’ and is related to the problem of the body which is involved in ‘my’ activity. Here in order to resolve the problem related to the freedom, Bergson recommends that we need to start from the ‘activity’, not from the consciousness. It means the consciousness is concluded in activity and we can see the appearance of consciousness where there is activity. This problem is expanded to the dimension of life and he comes to the metaphysical conclusion that the basis of life and the basis of freedom are the same.
      Bergson’s theory of duration criticizes the contradictions in Western rationalism which is based on the principles of identity and contradiction. Bergson clarifies that the principle of identity according to which “the same causes always produce the same effects” or “everything is the same as itself”, and the principle of contradiction according to which “there is no creation out of nothing” are merely the fiction made by the Western intellectual history. When pursuing the appearance of that fiction as the logical necessity, Bergson forms his theory of duration. For the purpose that his theory of duration can illuminate thing’s characteristics as well as the characteristic of life, he has carried out a deep search into the thermodynamics and the theory of evolution which were the most controversial topics in the scientific world of the 19th century.
      In order to analyze the freedom in Bergson’s thought, we must carry out an epistemological investigation into the life. This is also an investigation into the consciousness of life, and such a comprehension is based on the theory of evolution which is considered a methodological paradigm in the 19th century. In Bergson, the theory of knowledge and the theory of life have a close relation. Here the method is the intuition, and its essential content is the very theory of duration.
      In the process of researching on the Western intellectual history, he discovers many false problems originated from the traditional metaphysics. They are the notions of ‘nothingness’, ‘chaos’ and the matter of ‘possibility’ that refer the not-being, not the being. Furthermore, the traditional metaphysics divided into branches with the paradoxes of Zeno and then the positions were arranged and the movements are reconstructed. All of those facts, in Bergson’s view, are false problems or false movement. His theory of duration starts from the recognition of the flow of movement as the flow itself.
      In order to recognize the flow of movement, it is necessary to understand the characteristic of the intelligence which recognizes this movement. This problem of intelligence has a direct connection with the problem of consciousness, and the consciousness is put in the inseparable relation with the problem of physical body which includes it. This relation is the very relation between spirit and body, and undertaking this relation, Bergson considers the spirit from the aspect of evolution, and the problem of the body which includes the spirit through the thermodynamic laws of preservation and decrease. From that point he solves the dualistic relation between spirit and physical body into the monistic duration.
      The evolution of consciousness proceeds from plants to animals and to human. Bergson calls them paralysis, instinct and intelligence. Furthermore, he considers the consciousness the intelligence in its true meaning. Here the freedom is related to the process of evolution of consciousness, and depending on the level of this evolution the stages of freedom occur. The higher level of the consciousness the freedom has, the higher stage can it attain. From this point of view, the intuition which can be seen as his philosophical methodology is formed. Intuition as a characteristic of the intelligence is the method able to make us, from the attention of the object, enter to its interior and seek its nature.
      Bergson’s intuition cannot be established if there is no evolution of intelligence. Thus in his view, the intelligence is very important from the epistemological as well as ontological aspects, and based on this intelligence the sympathy, that is concord with human nature is formed. This sympathy means the concord with oneself, and the stage of freedom, depending on the level of agreement with oneself, can be variously occurred, that is what this paper wants to clarify.
      번역하기

      This dissertation aims at the analysis of Bergson’s view on freedom. Bergson argues that freedom starts from the consciousness and has distinct characteristics in every distinguished thing, and has stages. Freedom in his view is always related to hu...

      This dissertation aims at the analysis of Bergson’s view on freedom. Bergson argues that freedom starts from the consciousness and has distinct characteristics in every distinguished thing, and has stages. Freedom in his view is always related to human, human freedom is in its true meaning the absolute intuition of the consciousness. Furthermore, the intuition in his view is simply the ‘movement’ itself, “not a shepherd boy seeing a floating water.” The meeting between my own consciousness of freedom and my whole personality obtains my own original freedom. At that moment, in its large meaning, the consciousness is considered a being, means life.
      The problem of freedom is drew from the theory of duration and the attempt to use this theory to resolve the relation between the life and the substance. The important category that Bergson applies when developing his own metaphysics is the confrontation between time and space. This confrontation makes his philosophy look like a dualism. But his philosophy is in fact the monism based on the duration. First of all, in his view, time is the duration which has no possibility of being divided and in which heterogeneous elements permeate each other and change. In contrary space consists of homogeneous elements which can divide and be lasted, and comprises those elements into a parallel set.
      Thus the spatial meditation cannot describe the true movement, and in order to say about the movement, there is no way but to explain the method of finding traces of points that movement has experienced, means in order to reconstruct the movement, we must resolve it into elements and then try to combine them. As regards the problem of freedom, the question ‘whether time is space’ signifies that the freedom is achieved in the flowing time, not in the passed time.
      The problem of freedom starts from the illumination of ‘me’ and follows the traces of appearances occur from the consciousness and the perception to the basis of life. Freedom appears as the definite and actual form of the real being in the process of life and experience. And at this starting line of freedom Bergson composes the philosophy of duration in which the consciousness is evolved. It is based on the original force namely the vital impulse and this evolution of consciousness is completed based on the human intellect.
      This dissertation, for the purpose of explaining the freedom in Bergson’s view, would like to clarify that his important viewpoint is that the intellect is completed in human on the foundation of time and space. Freedom is at the same time the metaphysical problem which is of universal interest in philosophical sphere, and the real action taken from every human being. This real action is taken from each human’s choice, and thus the choice is related to the problem of perception. And as the result the perception is considered the problem of active dimension, means the activity, not the problem of the speculative intellect.
      The problem of freedom illuminates the subject’s activity presented as ‘me’ and is related to the problem of the body which is involved in ‘my’ activity. Here in order to resolve the problem related to the freedom, Bergson recommends that we need to start from the ‘activity’, not from the consciousness. It means the consciousness is concluded in activity and we can see the appearance of consciousness where there is activity. This problem is expanded to the dimension of life and he comes to the metaphysical conclusion that the basis of life and the basis of freedom are the same.
      Bergson’s theory of duration criticizes the contradictions in Western rationalism which is based on the principles of identity and contradiction. Bergson clarifies that the principle of identity according to which “the same causes always produce the same effects” or “everything is the same as itself”, and the principle of contradiction according to which “there is no creation out of nothing” are merely the fiction made by the Western intellectual history. When pursuing the appearance of that fiction as the logical necessity, Bergson forms his theory of duration. For the purpose that his theory of duration can illuminate thing’s characteristics as well as the characteristic of life, he has carried out a deep search into the thermodynamics and the theory of evolution which were the most controversial topics in the scientific world of the 19th century.
      In order to analyze the freedom in Bergson’s thought, we must carry out an epistemological investigation into the life. This is also an investigation into the consciousness of life, and such a comprehension is based on the theory of evolution which is considered a methodological paradigm in the 19th century. In Bergson, the theory of knowledge and the theory of life have a close relation. Here the method is the intuition, and its essential content is the very theory of duration.
      In the process of researching on the Western intellectual history, he discovers many false problems originated from the traditional metaphysics. They are the notions of ‘nothingness’, ‘chaos’ and the matter of ‘possibility’ that refer the not-being, not the being. Furthermore, the traditional metaphysics divided into branches with the paradoxes of Zeno and then the positions were arranged and the movements are reconstructed. All of those facts, in Bergson’s view, are false problems or false movement. His theory of duration starts from the recognition of the flow of movement as the flow itself.
      In order to recognize the flow of movement, it is necessary to understand the characteristic of the intelligence which recognizes this movement. This problem of intelligence has a direct connection with the problem of consciousness, and the consciousness is put in the inseparable relation with the problem of physical body which includes it. This relation is the very relation between spirit and body, and undertaking this relation, Bergson considers the spirit from the aspect of evolution, and the problem of the body which includes the spirit through the thermodynamic laws of preservation and decrease. From that point he solves the dualistic relation between spirit and physical body into the monistic duration.
      The evolution of consciousness proceeds from plants to animals and to human. Bergson calls them paralysis, instinct and intelligence. Furthermore, he considers the consciousness the intelligence in its true meaning. Here the freedom is related to the process of evolution of consciousness, and depending on the level of this evolution the stages of freedom occur. The higher level of the consciousness the freedom has, the higher stage can it attain. From this point of view, the intuition which can be seen as his philosophical methodology is formed. Intuition as a characteristic of the intelligence is the method able to make us, from the attention of the object, enter to its interior and seek its nature.
      Bergson’s intuition cannot be established if there is no evolution of intelligence. Thus in his view, the intelligence is very important from the epistemological as well as ontological aspects, and based on this intelligence the sympathy, that is concord with human nature is formed. This sympathy means the concord with oneself, and the stage of freedom, depending on the level of agreement with oneself, can be variously occurred, that is what this paper wants to clarify.

      더보기

      목차 (Table of Contents)

      • Ⅰ. 서 론 1
      • 1. 문제 제기 1
      • 2. 연구 목적과 동향 5
      • 3. 연구 방법 7
      • Ⅱ. 나의 신체와 선택 행위 13
      • Ⅰ. 서 론 1
      • 1. 문제 제기 1
      • 2. 연구 목적과 동향 5
      • 3. 연구 방법 7
      • Ⅱ. 나의 신체와 선택 행위 13
      • 1. 인식과 행위의 관계 13
      • 2. 지각의 형성과 행동 23
      • 1) 외부인식과 신체 23
      • 2) 의식적 지각과 표상 27
      • 3) 표상과 정신 30
      • 3. 지각들의 체계 34
      • 1) 신체와 지각 34
      • 2) 감각과 지각의 일치 40
      • 3) 정념의 고유성과 신체의 지분 44
      • 4. 선택과 제한 48
      • 1) 정념과 지각 : 행동과 거리 48
      • 2) 선택은 제한이다 53
      • 3) 선택은 표현이며 전 인격의 반영이다 56
      • Ⅲ. 정신과 운동 59
      • 1. 의식의 형태와 분기(divergence) 59
      • 1) 동물과 식물의 의식 : 영양섭취와 운동 60
      • 2) 운동성과 의식의 깨어남과 무의식(잠듦) 65
      • 3) 장애의 극복과 의식의 깨어남 : 지성과 본능 70
      • 4) 지성과 본능 : 경향과 비율 74
      • 5) 제작과 유기화 77
      • 2. 의식과 행위 81
      • 1) 의식 일반 81
      • 2) 질료와 형식의 분별에 대한 선천성 86
      • 3) 제한된 능력의 선천성 90
      • 3. 지성의 기능과 비결정성 94
      • 1) 관계의 본성 : 행동은 불연속성을 낳는다 94
      • 2) 관계의 본성 : 행동은 제작이다 99
      • 3) 행동의 도식으로서 공간 104
      • 4) 지성의 도구로서 언어 107
      • 5) 지성의 도구들과 존재의 자유 109
      • Ⅳ. 진화운동 114
      • 1. 생명과 에너지 114
      • 1) 에너지의 두 법칙과 생명 114
      • 2) 에너지의 실재적 운동과 비가역성 122
      • 3) 에너지의 심층적 원인과 생명적 운동 126
      • 4) 물질과 생명 130
      • 5) 생명적 노력과 성장 134
      • 2. 생명과 진화의 문제 140
      • 1) 환경과 적응 141
      • 2) 적응의 심층적 원인과 우연적 선택 146
      • 3. 약동과 창조 150
      • 1) 단순한 운동으로서 약동과 진화 150
      • 2) 생명의 형태와 창조 155
      • 3) 우주의 모델로서 약동(élan) 158
      • Ⅴ. 인간과 자유 161
      • 1. 인간에 이르는 길 161
      • 1) 정신과 신체 162
      • 2) 인간의 진화와 정신주의로서의 자유 166
      • 2. 자유의 단계 170
      • 1) 자아의 삶과 자유 171
      • 2) 자아와 자유로운 행위 175
      • 3) 반성과 고차적 자유 179
      • 4) 존재의 독립성과 자유의 단계들 183
      • Ⅵ. 결론 187
      • 참 고 문 헌 195
      • ABSTRACT 204
      더보기

      참고문헌 (Reference)

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