The Educational Provisions for the Mentally Retarded Blind Children in Korea

Kang,Wi Yung 韓國社會社業大學特殊敎育硏究所 1978 特殊敎育硏究 Vol.6 No.-

오늘날 한국에서 特殊敎育의 큰 과제중의 하나가 重複障害者에 대한 교육의 문제이다. 특히 정신연령이 낮은 精神薄弱兒童의 敎育과 職業 문제를 무시할 수 없는 것이 아니겠는가? 이 硏究의 目的은 우리가 어떻게 盲精神薄弱兒들에게 적절한 교육을 시켜 행복한 사회인으로 復歸시킬 수 있느냐 하는 문제이다. 現在 美國에는 5세부터 17세 사이에 約 4,000명 이상의 盲精薄兒童이 있을 것으로 推定하고 있다. 이것은 盲人人口의 約 14%를 精神薄弱兒로 추정한 것이며, 또한 例로서 Walter E Fernald 주립학교의 2.100명의 精神薄弱 兒童들 중에서 約 240명 이상이 盲人(法的基準으로 20/200)임을 발견했다고 報告하고 잇으며, 또한 Dr. Hayes의 報告에 의하면 1941년 부터 1945년 까지 Perkins 盲學校生 159명, 幼稚部盲兒童중에서 知能指數 70이하가 17명으로 約 15%였다는 報告를 하고 있다. 여러가지 統計資料를 綜合 分析 해볼 때 盲兒童들 중에서 知能指數가 70이하가 10-14%이고 知能指數 71-80까지가 10-20%로 推定하는 것은 큰 矛盾이 없는 줄 안다. 다시 正盲者와 盲人을 比較 硏究한 Dr. Terman의 報告에 의하면 正眼者 2,904명을 대상으로 調査해본 결과 知能指數 70이하가 2.2%였으나, Dr. Hayes의 報告에 의하면 1.06%로 顯 한 差異를 볼 수 있다. 이와 같은 盲重復障害者들의 原因을 살펴 보면 가장 큰 原因중의 하나가 "Retralental Fibroplasis"로 出産時 유리관속에 넣어서 산소 공급이 過多한 상태로 발생할것이 34.2%를 차지하고 있음을 볼 수 있다. 盲精薄兒童들의 敎育問題는 역시 중대한 문제성을 지니고 있다. 이들을 受容할 Placement (敎育機關)을 어느것으로 擇하느냐, 다시 말해서 盲敎育機關이냐 精薄兒機關이 適合하냐 하는 문제는 많이 論難이 되어 왔다. 대부분의 의견으로서는 精薄兒敎育機關보다도 盲敎育機關에서 맏아 特別敎育을 시키는 것이 妥當한 것으로 생각하고 있다. 우리나라의 實情으로서는 이들을 위한 盲學校속에 EMR 정도의 特殊設置와 한편 盲人으로 知能이 극히 낮은 TMR 정도의 盲人이라면 精薄兒를 위한 敎育施設에 受容하는 것이 좋다고 생각한다. 이들을 위한 特殊學級이나 特殊指導의 첫단계로서는 心理的檢査, 醫學的診斷, 그리고 寄宿施設이 가장 시급한 일중의 하나이다. 다음으로 이들을 위한 교육Curriculum을 어떻게 만들 것인가 하는 것도 중요한 문제인데 여기에는 ⅰ) 健康管理 (ⅱ) 言語敎育 (ⅲ) 讀書(點字)指導 (ⅳ) 數의 槪念 (ⅴ) 職業敎育 (ⅵ) Guidance and Counseling 등 이와 같은 것들이 重要한 課題이라고 본다. 현재 한국에서는 이들이 特殊學級施設이나 特別指導를 못받고 있는 實情이나, 이들 역시 人權을 가진 人間으로서 敎育의 權利를 박탈 당할 수는 없는 것이다. 하루속히 이들을 위한 適切하고 實際的d니 교육이 실시 되기를 바란다.

韓國 特殊學級 敎師의 敎職觀에 關한 調査硏究

呂光應,金正權 韓國社會社業大學特殊敎育硏究所 1974 特殊敎育硏究 Vol.4 No.-

現在 全國的으로 設置 運營되고 있는 特殊學級의 擔當敎師를 對象으로 質問紙法을 通하여 特殊學級 敎師의 敎職觀 實態를 調査 分析하였다. 調査對象은 現 特殊學級 敎師 210名(男 176名, 女 34名)으로서 平均年齡은 34.1歲이고 平均敎師經歷은 12.21年이었다. 調査方法은 全 特殊學級 敎師에 대한 全數調査를 했으며 20個 問項으로 構成된 質問紙에 無記名으로 應答하게 했다. 調査其間은 1974年 7月 15日부터 1974年 8月 20日가지였고, 質問紙 回收率은 100%로서 (1枚는 統計處理 卽後에 回收됨) 特殊學級 擔當敎師들은 積極的이고 觀心있는 參與와 協調를 보였다. 調査結果에 대한 分析을 通하여 얻은 結論은 다음과 같다. 1) 特殊學級 敎師가 特殊學級을 보는 一般的인 特殊學級觀에 대한 調査에서는 全般的으로 보아 肯定的인 水準에 이르지 못하고 있다. 特殊學級의 意義度 및 設置目的에의 符合度는 대체로 中下程度의 滿足水準에 있고 特殊學級에 대한 特殊學級 敎師 自身의 理解度와 特殊學級의 敎育效果度는 平均的으로 中程度의 滿足水準으로 나타나고 있다. 2) 特殊學級 敎師의 特殊學級 指導 및 運營에 關한 調査에서는 全般的으로 生活中心의 精薄兒敎育 보다는 學力回復, 遲進兒의 學力促進 및 不振兒敎育에 치우치고 있는 傾向性으로 나타났다. 特殊學級 敎育의 重點指導 目標領域을 主로 基礎學力 向上에 두고 있으며 국어, 산수의 3R's 中心인 型式敎科를 中心科目으로 强調하여 指導하고 있다. 현 敎育課程의 改善과 特殊學級 實情에 符合된 別度의 特殊學級 敎育課程 作成을 要望하고 있으며 特히 學習資料와 地域社會의 理解 協助는 最低의 滿足水準으로 나타났다. 3) 現 特殊學級은 一般學級과 有機的 協力的 關係를 맺지 못하고 있는 實情으로 나타났다. 一般學級과의 統合的인 敎育活動에 相當히 努力하고는 있으나 一般學級 兒童과는 實質的으로 分離된 學校生活이 이루어지고 있는 傾向이다. 特殊學級에 대한 一般敎師의 態度와 理解程度는 中정도의 滿足水準이지만 一般兒童은 特殊學級을 이상스러운 눈으로 보고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 4) 特殊學級 敎師觀에 대한 調査에서는 特殊學級 擔任의 動機가 自意보다는 半他意가 比較的 優勢하게 나타났고, 要求되는 資質로는 철저한 使命感과 兒童의 心理的 理解가 重要度 順位에서 높게 나타났다. 現 特殊學級 敎師의 評價 및 待遇의 滿足度는 中下정도의 水準으로 나타났고, 業務量은 매우 過重한 부담이라 反應하고 있다. 5) 特殊學級의 當面問題는 學習資料의 開發 供給과 行政的 支院이 가장 切實하게 대두되었고, 敎育課程의 再考, 地域社會 및 學父母의 理解 協力, 敎師硏修, 判別道具, 一般學級의 協助, 奬學指導 등의 順으로 그 重要度가 나타났다. The existing state of the teaching viewpoint of the teachers at the special classes was examined and analyzed through the questionaire method. The subjects of this study were 210 teachers (176 males, 34 females) taking charge of the special classes at present. The investigation was the complete enumeration of the whole country, and the period of the exam was from July 15, 1974 through August 20, 1974. The results from the analysis on the exam was concluded as follows. 1. The special teachers' general point of view on the special classes was not reached to the positive level. 2. There was generally such a tendency as they gave much more consideration to recovering the academic achievement on the educationally retarded children than to the life-centered education on the mentally retarded. 3. The present special classes were shown not to have the cooperative relationship with the regular classes. 4. The level of the general teachers' attitude to the special classes and the degree of the understanding was about at the middle, but it was shown taht the regular children regarded the special classes as strange ones. 5. In this research, it was shown that the teachers' motive to take the special classes was comparatively to be more reluctant than to be willing. 6. It was shown that the evaluation and treatment for the special teachers was at the low level of the satisfaction, and their works were too much. 7. The urgent problems in the education of the special classes was shown with the next order in the significant level; to develop and to supply the learning materials, to strengthen the synthetic administrative supports, to develop the curriculum for the special classes, the parent's understanding and cooperation, theacher's training, the development of psychological tests for the identification of the mentally retarded, to improve the cooperative relationship with the regular classes, and so forth.

天才敎育의 可能性

朴石煥 韓國社會社業大學特殊敎育硏究所 1974 特殊敎育硏究 Vol.4 No.-

In this study, the results of analyses and discussions on the possibility of the education for the gifted was included as follows: 1) The needs in the education for the gifted are urgent in our country today. 2) The education for the gifted have to carry out in accordance with the principles of development of creativity and harmonized education. 3) The criterions in the identification for the gifted should be based on intellectual talents and creative talents. 4) The education for the gifted could be achieved effectively according to the methods of variety such as Nongraded System, Advanced Placement program(APP), and Enrichment System, and so forth.

近代 精神薄弱敎育의 成立에 關한 一考察 : 19C初期 佛蘭西의 白痴敎育을 中心으로 Chiefly on the Education for the Idiot in France at the Beggining of the 19th Century

李相春 韓國社會社業大學特殊敎育硏究所 1976 特殊敎育硏究 Vol.5 No.-

The purpose of this study is an attempt to define Seguin's achievement in the history of the education for the mentally retarded through the study of the appearance and development of the education of the education for the idiot in France, which can be called the early stage of the modern education for the mentally retarede, at the beginning of the 19th century. 1. The ill treatment of the mentally dernged person in France, mainly at Bicetre and Salpetriere, made the reformers and philanthropoists pay attention to the problem with the bourgeoisie revolution in the country. Pinel, after taking office as the director of Bicetre, launched a great reformation, practising his original method called "Moral Treatment". Esquirol aligned himself with Pinel's way of treatment, but he doubted the possibility of improvement of the idiot. Oppsoed to Pinel who confused idiots with the mentally deranged person, he divided the former from the latter, and took them as an independent object of investigation. Belhomm maintained in his thesis that idiots could be improved, if educated according to the degrees of their intellectual development. By the way Leuret expressed his deep consideration and expectation in the adaptation of the "Moral Treatment for the Mentally Deranged Person," to the education for the idiot in hs thesis in 1846. The investigation and development of the way of the treatment for the idiot achieved in Bicetre and Salpetriere gave Seguin the practical foundation for his study on the medical tretment and education for the idiot. 2. The experimental education with "Wild Boy of Aveyron" for five years from 1799 by Itard was highly estimated estimated unexpectedly in spite of his own disappointment on the result. Especially Seguin adapted the result fo the experiment to the education for the idiot to develop the physiological method of education on the ground of the neurological hypothesis. Seguin's physiological method of education is based on Rousseau's naturalistic method of education, saint-simon's trinitarian view on education for the harmonious and of education, Saint-Simon's trinitarian view on education for the harmonious and general development of the idiot, Perier's method of education for the deaf, and Itard's principles derived from the experiment with wild boy that "the training of sense should be emphasized in the intellectual training and moral training". And his process to achieve the final aim of the moral training in the education of the idiot consists of five stages, that is, physical training, neurolocial and sensual training, the education of general ideas, the training of the thinking ability in the abstract, and moral training. His unique theories of education contain in his book, "Treatment Moral, Hygiene et Education des Idiots et des Autres Enfants Arriere", published in 1846. 3. The development of the educationf or the idiot was able to take place through the efforts and experiments of the forerunners, who had endevoured to grarantee the right, treatment and education of the idiot, in the social background of the bourgeoisie revelution period, and the combination of humanism and scientism found in the process of development formed the main stream in theappearance of the education for the idiot at the beginning of the 19th century. Seguin's adaptation of the scientific method to the education for the idiot for the first time not only marked a turing point in the history of education for the mentally retarded, but had a great effect upon the development of the educational thoughts for them. Seguin's thought contained in his educational thought for the idiot that the essential principle of the development can be found in the idiot, contributed greatly to the establishemnt of the concept on the basic human right called "the guarantee of the right of development" on the ground of his firm conviction to the possibility of the development of humen capability and his hard effort for it. Through his contribution to the development of the education for the mentally retarded, the idea of "the right of the idiot to be educated" could be secured, which in the history of education, marked a turning point for the enlargement of the public education, and considering the present situation of education, we should succeed to his ideas on education and try tom make it develop toward the direction.

정신박약아 부모와 지체부자유아 부모의 양육태도에 대한 비교연구

이상춘,최영하,원명욱,전재일,박옥수,이재호 韓國社會社業大學特殊敎育硏究所 1972 特殊敎育硏究 Vol.3 No.-

본연구에서는 대구 보명학교 아동의 부모 100명(정박군)과 대구보건학교 부모 62명(지체부자유군)의 아동에 대한 부모의 태도를 검사하여 CR 검증을 하였고 다이아그래프로 도시하여 고찰하였다. 본연구에서 나타난 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. A. 정박군, 지체구자유군의 양육태도의 차이는 소극적 거부형, 익애형, 맹종향, 불일치형의 4개 유형에서 001의 수준으로 매우 의의있는 차이가 나타나며 적극적거부형은 01수준에서 퍽 의의있는 차이로 나타나고 있어 이 5개의 유형 모두가 정박군이 더 위험 수준에 있다. B) 지체부자유에 대한 부와 모의 태도에는 의의있는 차이가 없고 부모공히 위험영역에 있다.

弱視兒童敎育에 對한 一考察

安泰潤 韓國社會社業大學特殊敎育硏究所 1972 特殊敎育硏究 Vol.3 No.-

The occuring rate of the myopia (near-sight) is 8.74 in Korea school children, and 16% of fresh pupils of school for the blind are partially seeing and three increase every year. But doesn't established appropriate educational service for them. Some results of into a educational program for the partially seeing are as follows. 1. The educational pratially seeing are those who have a visual acuity between 0.04 and 0.3 in the both eyes and the occruing rate is about from 0.12% to 0.12% 2. Since special educational service for the partially seeing began in U.S.A. (1913) and Japan(1932), the Sight-Saving class has developed to various types such as the cooperative class plan. 3. In general the peronality of the partially seeing is quite same with that of the nermally seeing. There is no meaningful differences of I.Q on each groups, but the partially seeing is more introversive, often has day dreams and a little retarded on achievement. 4. Aims of education for the partially seeing is same with that of normally seeing. Sight Saving and utilizing residual senses should be empahasized. 5. It needs to take notice of use Large printing books, references, and appropriate class room light (20 candle power), and magnifying glasses, should be needed for them, that to be supplements of seeing aids. And it is also needful to teach them on individualized program. 6. To promote educational planning and practive of education for the partially seeing, it is needful to study the dontinous survey of partially seeing, developing psychological test, educational materials and teacher's educational program. A Comparative study on the rising attitude of parents of mentally retarded and crippled children. Rhee, Sang Chun, YoungHa. Won, Myung uk, Chun, Joe ill. Park, ok su. Rhee, Jae Ho. (Daegu School for the Memtally Retarded Abstract Looking into that kind of attitude that parents of the mentally retarded and the crippled children have, will be of much meaning in largely effecting the attitude of these childrens parents. The purpose of this study is as follows. 1. Consideration of the difference of the rising attitudes of parents of mentally retarded and crippled children. 2. Considertion of differences of the attitudes of fathers and mothers of crippled children. To accomplish the above purpose a questionaire was prepared The questionaire consisted of ten catagories of different attitudes, each catagory divided into ten questions, making a total of 100 questions. This was then sent to each family requesting them to answer. This questioraire surveyed the attitudes of 100 parents of children attending Daegu school for the mentally retareded and 62 parents of children attending Daegu school for the crippled. A CR test was done on the survey and the results were diagrammed. The results are as follows. A. The parents of the mentally retarded and the crippled children displayed 4 different attitudes towards rising their children. They are passive and rejecing type, a "doting-upon" type, an "obeying type", and a disagreeing type." In the result of CR test appeared significant differentials at P <. 001 level in types and the significant differentials at P < 0.1 level in active rejective types. These five types are on the more dangerous areas in the parents of the mentally retarded than the crippled children group. B. Between the father's and mother's attitude of the crippled children's group, there was displayed no significant differences in statistics. They were in both the dangerous are a concerning the anxious "doting-upon" and the obeying types.

精神薄弱兒의 個別化 學習의 效果

金正權 韓國社會社業大學特殊敎育硏究所 1980 特殊敎育硏究 Vol.8 No.-

聾學生의 使用語彙에 關한 硏究 : 作品을 中心으로

申相植,柳相德,元英祚 韓國社會社業大學特殊敎育硏究所 1974 特殊敎育硏究 Vol.4 No.-

聾學生들의 使用基本語彙에 關하여 調査ㆍ分析한 結果를 要約하면 다음과 같다. (1) 聾學生들의 使用語彙는 1,058語로 正常兒에 比해서 매우 貧弱하다. (2) 年度別로 보면 1969年度가 他年度에 比해서 極히 低調한데 그 理由는 敎師의 大幅 移動이 크게 作用한 것으로 보인다. (3) 學年別로 보면 初等科 6學年과 中等科 1學年間에 顯著한 差異를 보이고 있는데 그 理由는 中等科 入試로 因하여 比較的 優秀한 學生이 選拔되었다는 것과 中學生이란 ??가 讀書熱을 북돋아 준데 있는 것으로 推測된다. (4) 品詞別로 보면 名詞가 59.73%로 가장 많으며, 그 다음이 動詞(18.42%), 形容詞(8.89%) 等이며 感歎詞가 거의 使用되지 않고 있다. (5) 造語要素別로 보면 固有語가 58.41%이며 그 다음에 漢字語가 35.26%로 나타났으며 漢字語와 關聯된 어휘는 모두 40% 정도이다. (6) 基本的으로 使用하는 語彙는 347語로서 一般的으로 文字言語로 使用하는 語彙가 極히 制限되어 있다. This study in the school for the deaf have been obtain in order to attempt pilot data for speech instruction. The subjects was enrolled in the works of students at the Daegu School for the Deaf. The resulats obtained were as follows. (1) Number of vocabulary for the deaf have been shown as 1,058. This result is poorer than that of the normal childrn. (2) Vocabulary used may largely influenced on the continuous service number of years for the teacher of this fields. (3) Nouns, verbs, and adjectives were obtained as 59.73%, 18.42%, and 8.89% each. Interjection does not used almost. (4) Seeing essential elements to give speech on the speaking were as follows: Native Korean were obtained as 58.41% and Chinese(Han Ja) were obtained as 35.26%.

視覺障害兒의 色彩感情에 關한 硏究

權奇德 韓國社會社業大學特殊敎育硏究所 1974 特殊敎育硏究 Vol.4 No.-

Purpose and Method This study was investigated color affection and color preference with 8 color name, color preference was surveyed by the blind subjects of 80(Age 15-20) and color affection was rated on Oyamas S. D method consisted of 14 scale by the blind subjects. Results of the study appeared as follows (1) Color affection of the blind was differentiated less to normal on chromatics. (2) Some difference on color affection were between the blind and the normal to achromatics except gray, the blind were rating positively on White and were rating negatively on Black. (3) Color preference of the blind was similar with that of the normal but the blind were rating more favorable on White and more unfavorable on Black than the normal. (4) The blind dislike gray as the normal and color affection was rating negatively. (5) In general, color affection of the blind was similar with that of the normal. In addition to above findings, some discussions on the color preference and color affection were made.

Relationships Between Carer Factors and Morale of Korean Special Education Teachers

Kang, Wi-Yung 韓國社會社業大學特殊敎育硏究所 1981 特殊敎育硏究 Vol.9 No.-