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Youhua Li,Lubing Shi,Zhongming Liu,Xiaopeng Wang,Xuetao Qiao,Zhihong Zhang,Shidang Yan 대한기계학회 2022 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.36 No.12
For high-speed, heavy-load gear units, the meshing tooth surfaces are generally under the mixed lubrication state, which is crucial for gear pitting or micro pitting damage. To clarify the effects of lubrication state on tooth pitting damage, carrying out both numerical and experimental studies on the contact severity of gears under different lubrication states is necessary. In this paper, a 3D line-contact elasto hydrodynamic lubrication model considering fractal surface roughness was developed and used to investigate the lubrication characteristics of involute gears. Both the distributions of pressure and film thickness fluctuated under the rolling contact of rough surfaces. The fluctuations became more substantial with the increase of load and roughness. Furthermore, from the calculated film thickness ratio λ, the contact of gear tooth surfaces with a fractal roughness of Ra = 0.8 μm was always under full lubrication state (λ > 1). When the roughness was increased to Ra = 3.2 μm, the contact was first transmitted into the mixed lubrication state (0.2 < λ < 1) under the load of 1000 N*m and finally deteriorated to boundary lubrication state (λ < 0.2) under the load of 2000 N*m. The boundary lubrication state that occurred under the contact of highly rough surfaces could induce the formation of gear pitting damage. The contact fatigue test showed the gear tooth surface roughness increased from 0.7 μm to around 2.7 μm after 8 million running cycles and then suffered pitting failure after another 2 million cycles, which was consistent with the simulation analysis prediction.
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Jingtian Wang,Lei Fang,Qidi Wu,Dongdong Li,Zhongming Huo,Xiwu Yan 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.1
Introduction AMP-activated protein kinases (AMPK) are heterotrimeric complexes. The main upstream phosphorylase has AMP-dependent LKB1 and Ca2+-dependent CaMKK beta. AMPK also includes an auto-inhibitory domain and a region associated with beta and gamma subunits, which regulate a variety of cellular activities and energy metabolism. The increase in the ratio of AMP/ATP can stimulate the activation of AMPK. Once AMPK is activated, pathways to ATP consumption (e.g., fat, cholesterol, and protein synthesis) will be shut down. The pathway to ATP generation (e.g., oxidation of fat and glycolysis pathway) will be activated. AMPK genes have not been systematically characterized in marine invertebrates. Methods In this study, we identified and characterized three AMPK genes, AMPK-α, AMPK-β, and AMPK-γ, in the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum). To gain insight into the role of AMPK genes during clam energy metabolism, quantitative real-time PCR was used to investigate the expression profiles in the different stages of clam development, in healthy adult tissues, and after air exposure at two different temperatures. Results Phylogenetic and protein structural analyses were conducted to determine the identity and evolutionary relationships of these genes. The structural features of the genes were relatively well-conserved, relative to the AMPK genes of other vertebrates. The expression of genes was significantly induced 3–48 h after air exposure. Conclusinon AMPK-α, AMPK-β and AMPK-γ are involved in clam energy metabolism. Increased expression levels of AMPK genes in the gill and intestine of Manila clam in response to air exposure implied a strong adaptability to the coastal environment.
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