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Morton Andrew,Williams Michael,Perera Marlon,Ranasinghe Sachinka,Teloken Patrick E.,Williams Marissa,Chung Eric,Roberts Matthew J. 대한남성과학회 2021 The World Journal of Men's Health Vol.39 No.1
Purpose: Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is commonly used for various causes of androgen deficiency and subsidized by the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) in Australia when appropriate. In response to a sharp increase in the prescribing of subsidized TRT, the Australian government instituted new, stricter prescription criteria in April 2015. We aim to demonstrate longitudinal changes in the prescription patterns of subsidized TRT over time. Materials and Methods: The publicly available PBS database was accessed for TRT prescription data between 1992–2018. Population estimate data was collected from the Australian Bureau of Statistics for population-adjustment. Data analysis was performed according to class and specific formulation of TRT. Total and population-adjusted trends were considered, as was indexation to 2015 when restrictions were implemented. Results: Longitudinal trends in subsidized TRT prescription demonstrated a progressive overall increase since 2000, according to total prescriptions and population-adjusted estimates, with greater use of topical formulations (gel, patch, cream/spray) and injections. Since 2015, a 37% decline in total population-adjusted prescriptions was observed (1,399–883 per 100,000 persons). Since 2015, relatively increased use of injections (50%) and 1% gel (30%) comprise the majority of contemporary TRT. Annual financial burden due to TRT was $AU16,768 per 100,000 persons prior to 2000 (mean cost 1992–2000), increasing to $AU112,539 in 2018 (due to use of injections). The rate of change in costs slowed after the restrictions were introduced in 2015. Conclusions: The restrictions in subsidized TRT eligibility enforced by the PBS have reduced overall TRT prescriptions and slowed the cumulative financial burden.
Digital Museum of Retinal Ganglion Cells with Dense Anatomy and Physiology
Bae, J. Alexander,Mu, Shang,Kim, Jinseop S.,Turner, Nicholas L.,Tartavull, Ignacio,Kemnitz, Nico,Jordan, Chris S.,Norton, Alex D.,Silversmith, William M.,Prentki, Rachel,Sorek, Marissa,David, Celia,Jo Elsevier 2018 Cell Vol.173 No.5
<P><B>Summary</B></P> <P>When 3D electron microscopy and calcium imaging are used to investigate the structure and function of neural circuits, the resulting datasets pose new challenges of visualization and interpretation. Here, we present a new kind of digital resource that encompasses almost 400 ganglion cells from a single patch of mouse retina. An online “museum” provides a 3D interactive view of each cell’s anatomy, as well as graphs of its visual responses. The resource reveals two aspects of the retina’s inner plexiform layer: an arbor segregation principle governing structure along the light axis and a density conservation principle governing structure in the tangential plane. Structure is related to visual function; ganglion cells with arbors near the layer of ganglion cell somas are more sustained in their visual responses on average. Our methods are potentially applicable to dense maps of neuronal anatomy and physiology in other parts of the nervous system.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A digital “museum” provides dense anatomy and physiology of retinal ganglion cells </LI> <LI> The inner plexiform layer divides into four sublaminae defined by anatomical criteria </LI> <LI> The aggregate neurite density of a ganglion cell type is approximately uniform </LI> <LI> Inner marginal ganglion cells exhibit significantly more sustained visual responses </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical Abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>