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Improvement of the Spin Transfer Induced Switching Effect by Copper and Ruthenium Buffer Layer
T. Hoang Yen Nguyen,Hyunjung Yi,Sung-Jung Joo,Myung Hwa Jung,Kyung-Ho Shin 한국자기학회 2005 Journal of Magnetics Vol.10 No.2
The spin transfer induced magnetization switching has been reported to occur in magnetic multilayer structures whose scope usually consists of one stack of ferromagnetic / non-ferromagnetic / ferromagnetic (F / N / F) materials. In this work, it is shown that: 1) Copper used as a buffer layer between the free Co and the Au cap-layer can clearly increase the probability to get the spin transfer induced magnetization switching in a simple spin valve Co 11 / Cu 6 / Co 2 (㎚); 2) Furthermore, when Ruthenium is simultaneously applied as a buffer layer on the Si-substrate, the critical switching currents can be reduced by 30%, and the absolute resistance change delta R [△R] of that stack can be enlarged by 35%. The enhancement of the spin transfer induced magnetization switching can be ascribed to a lower local stress in the thin Co layer caused by a better lattice match between Co and Cu and the smoothening effect of Ru on the thick Co layer.
Impact of Work Motivation on Satisfaction and Turnover of Public Universities Lecturers
PHAM, Chinh D.,HOANG, Thao P.D.,NGUYEN, Yen T. Korea Distribution Science Association 2021 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.8 No.2
The paper aims to examine the relationship between various types of motivation and satisfaction as well as turnover intentions of public university lecturers. Intrinsic motivation is found to affect both satisfaction and turnover, while for extrinsic motivation, only one type has a significant effect on satisfaction. The web-based questionnaire with convenience sampling was chosen to approach target respondents. Data was collected by sending a link of the questionnaire to the lecturers' email. There were 700 questionnaires collected. Of which 681 valid responses, after screening out unusual questionnaires. In order to fulfill these aims, the authors employed structural equation modeling with maximum likelihood method supported by AMOS software with 681 valid samples. The evidence confirms the high correlation between intrinsic motivation and satisfaction for university lecturers which has been shown in previous studies. With regard to extrinsic motivation, extrinsic regulation (material) is found to have a positive influence on satisfaction, meaning financial rewards and job security will lead to his contentment while introjected regulation is a source of dissatisfaction. The results also demonstrate that intrinsic motivation is negatively correlated with turnover intentions. A person who is interested in the job itself is less likely to leave his or her job due to a keen passion for it.