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The Process of Privatization in East and Central Europe : Problems and Perspectives
Simai,Mihaly 서울대학교소련·동구연구소 1991 서울大學校 蘇聯 ·東區硏究所創立1周年記念國際學術會議 發表論文集 Vol.- No.1
The political and economic transformation in Eastern and Central Europe put the issue of property patterns to the agenda of the programs of the new parties. Privatization became an important building block in the programs of the new governments in Eastern Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland. In the other countries less radical changes are anticipated in the ownership patterns. The political motivations of the privatization process are connected with human right issues, with the aims of creating a new middle class with property and strata of farmers with land ownership. The economic issue connected with the privatization programs are difficult and of complex nature. Historically, state ownership has been always important in the region. Post wat nationalization started also before the systemic changes, in 1945-46. The economic programs of the communist regimes at the end of the 1940-s and the beginning of the 1950-s pushed nationalization too far, basically on ideological motivations, regardless of economic rationality. The state sector proved to be inefficient. The state ownership was much more motivated for income redistribution than for wealth creation and accumulation. The innovative capabilities and adjustment potentials proved to be weak and resulted inefficient and non competitive structures. The subordination of the public sector to the political bureaucracy aggrevated the problems by several additional measures. The reform process changed certain elements in the allocative and functional areas of the state owned firms. The selection of the top managers was depoliticised in Hungary. Private sector activities were allowed and encouraged. The aims of the present privatization process in economic terms are manifold. It is expected that a new and broad private sector will be efficient and that it will solve many earlier problems. Privatization is considered as an indispensable element of a market economy. In order to be able to gain from privatization it is indispensable to have a competitive environm
Hyeryeong LEE,Stacy Simai REGINALD,Taehoon YI,,In Seop CHANG 한국생물공학회 2021 한국생물공학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.10
In this study, using the FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH) as a model enzyme, it is aimed to control the enzymatic orientation of the enzyme via site-specific fusion of gold binding peptide in enzyme. Most importantly, positioning of synthetized fusion protein would be regulated at nano-level, using nano-patterned electrode fabricated through e-beam lithography technique. For this, 1) the synthetic glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), consisting of the site-specific expression of a gold binding peptide (GBP) on the α-subunit of GDH which enables close proximity between enzymatic active and electrode surface as well as DET of enzyme-electrode interface will be used; 2) the number of GBP repeats fused to FAD-GDH would be optimized in terms of enzymatic catalytic activity and binding affinity; 3) The nano-patterned electrode would be fabricated via e-beam lithography for its unit pattern to have diameter similar to that of target enzyme; 3) the fusion protein will be immobilized on the nano-patterned electrode surface and the binding morphology of enzymatic nanopatterns would be investigated.
Min Ji KIM,Stacy Simai REGINALD,Hyeryeong LEE,Serah CHOI,Basit SHARIF,In Seop CHANG 한국생물공학회 2021 한국생물공학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.10
Over the last century, the accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO₂) which accounts for the largest portion of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has provoked extreme global warming and environmental issues. To tackle these issues, carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology has received considerable attention through all the related areas. In the field of CO₂ conversion having an effect on CO₂ valorization to valuable chemicals as well as removal, biocatalysts such as enzyme are promising due to their high specificity to substrate and ability of catalysis at mild conditions. Herein, we focused on CO₂ reducing enzyme, formate dehydrogenase (EC 1.17.1.9) (FDH) which can reversibly catalyze CO₂ reduction and formate oxidation. FDHs existed in a diverse array of organisms can be divided into NAD⁺-dependent and metal-dependent FDH. While metal-dependent FDH is highly efficient for CO₂ reduction to formate but requires strict anaerobic conditions, NAD⁺-dependent FDH can be easily handled, but NADH are required as a natural cofactor. In this study, we attempted to investigate the availability of Candida methylica FDH(cmFDH) for electroenzymatic CO₂ reduction to formate. Solid-binding peptide (SBP) was introduced at either N- terminus (gbp(N)-FDH) or C- terminus (FDH-gbp(C)) via protein engineering to develop a stable enzyme immobilization at the enzyme-electrode interface. The recombinant FDH and the two synthetic FDHs are characterized for their biocatalytic activity. The results indicated that GBP fusion CmFDHs retain or improve their enzyme activities. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) result shows that the electrons can be directly transferred from FDHs to the electrode surface and vice versa for formate oxidation and CO₂ reduction in the absence of NADH.
Lee, Yoo Seok,Baek, Seungwoo,Lee, Hyeryeong,Reginald, Stacy Simai,Kim, Yeongeun,Kang, Hyunsoo,Choi, In-Geol,Chang, In Seop American Chemical Society 2018 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.10 No.34
<P>Direct electron transfer (DET) between enzymes and electrodes is a key issue for practical use of bioelectrocatalytic devices as a bioenergy process, such as enzymatic electrosynthesis, biosensors, and enzyme biofuel cells. To date, based on the DET of bioelectrocatalysis, less than 1% of the calculated theoretical current was transferred to final electron acceptor due to energy loss at enzyme-electrode interface. This study describes the design and construction of a synthetic glucose dehydrogenase (GDH; α and γ subunits) combined with a gold-binding peptide at its amino or carboxy terminus for direct contact between enzyme and electrode. The fused gold-binding peptide facilitated stable immobilization of GDH and constructed uniform monolayer of GDH onto a Au electrode. Depending on the fused site of binding peptide to the enzyme complex, nine combinations of recombinant GDH proteins on the electrode show significantly different direct electron-transfer efficiency across the enzyme-electrode interface. The fusion of site-specific binding peptide to the catalytic subunit (α subunit, carboxy terminus) of the enzyme complex enabled apparent direct electron transfer (DET) across the enzyme-electrode interface even in the absence of the electron-transfer subunit (i.e., β subunit having cytochrome domain). The catalytic glucose oxidation current at an onset potential of ca. (−)0.46 V vs Ag/AgCl was associated with the appearance of an flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)/FADH<SUB>2</SUB> redox wave and a stabilized bioelectrocatalytic current of more than 100 μA, determined from chronoamperometric analysis. Electron recovery was 7.64%, and the catalytic current generation was 249 μA per GDH enzyme loading unit (U), several orders of magnitude higher than the values reported previously. These observations corroborated that the last electron donor facing to electrode was controlled to be in close proximity without electron-transfer intermediates and the native affinity for glucose was preserved. The design and construction of the site-specific “sticky-ended” proteins without loss of catalytic activity could be applied to other redox enzymes having a buried active site.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>
조상호(Sang-Ho Cho),中村圭太(Keita Nakamura),川崎了(Simai Kawasaki),양형식(Hyung-Sik Yang),佐藤稔紀(Minoriki Sato),中間茂雄(Shikeyun Nakama),金子 勝比古(Katsuhiko Kaneko) 한국암반공학회 2004 터널과지하공간 Vol.14 No.2
지층지형에 의한 암반 불균질성이 3차원 응력장에 미치는 영향을 고찰하기 위해서, 등방 직육면체모델, 평탄한 지층을 가진 직육면체모델, 오목한 지층을 가진 직육면체모델에 대해서 3차원 유한요소해석을 수행하였다. 해석결과로부터, 지반 내에 존재하는 지층의 형상은 암반 내 광역응력장에 큰 영향을 미치고 있음을 명확히 하였다 현장계측결과로부터 광역응력장을 역해석하는 광역응력장 평가법에 지표면을 가진 균질모델과 지표면과 지층지형을 가진 불균질 모델을 적용하고 지층지형에 의한 암반 불균질성이 현장계측결과에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. 추가로, 지층지형 모델을 고려한 광역응력장 평가법의 타당성에 대해서 검토하였다. To investigate the influence of the rock mass inhomogeneity caused by layer geometry on the regional stress distribution, the rectangular models considering a homogenous rock mass, inhomogeneous rock mass with plane layers and with uneven layers were analyzed and discussed. It was confirmed that the structure and existence of layers in rock mass affected the regional stress distribution. An approach based on an inverse analysis of the measured local stresses and the 3D finite element analysis was suggested, and used to estimate the regional stress field of the homogeneous and inhomogeneous models, which consist of the surface geometry of ground and both the surface and layer geometry respectively. Additionally, the approach of the regional stress considering the layer geometry in the rock mass was verified to estimate the regional stress field for a site.