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        Preparation and properties of bio-based intumescent flame retardant containing chitosan functionalized ammonium polyphosphate for polyurethane

        Shang-Hao Liu,Chen-Feng Kuan,Cing–Yu Ke,Ming-Yuan Shen,Chin-Lung Chiang 한국공업화학회 2023 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.127 No.-

        In this study, chitosan (CS) from fish waste was used to prepare bio-based environmentally friendly flameretardants. After the hydroxyl group (OH) of CS and the ammonium group (NH4 + ) of ammoniumpolyphosphate (APP) underwent reactions, they were filtered and dried to obtain CS-APP. The aminogroup of CS-APP then reacted with the epoxy group of 4,40-methylenebis(N,N-diglycidylaniline) (NDY)to form CS-APP-NDY. Isophorone diisocyanate, polyol, and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane reacted to formsilicon polyurethane. CS-APP-NDY was then mixed with Si-PU to prepare polymer composites. To determinethe structure, thermal properties, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties of the composites,Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index (LOI), conecalorimetry, UL-94, thermal analysis-FTIR (TA-FTIR) spectroscopy, universal machine testing, scanningelectron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy were performed. TheTGA results revealed that, after the addition of CS-APP-NDY, char yield increased from 0.5 wt% to 25.8wt%, and the thermal stability of pristine PU also improved. In addition, the LOI and UL-94 results indicatedthat, after the addition of CS-APP-NDY, the LOI increased from 18.2% to 26.3%, and the UL-94 levelimproved from ‘‘Fail” to V-1. Overall, these results indicated that the addition of CS-APP-NDY to pristinePU increased its flame-retarding performance.

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        High-strength concrete deep beams with web openings strengthened by carbon fiber reinforced plastics

        Wen-Yao Lu,Hsin-Wan Yu,Chun-Liang Chen,Shen-Lung Liu,Ting-Chou Che 사단법인 한국계산역학회 2015 Computers and Concrete, An International Journal Vol.15 No.1

        The objective of this study is to examine the effect of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) on the shear strengths of deep beams with web openings. A total of 18 high-strength concrete deep beams with web openings were tested. Twelve were externally wrapped with four layers of CFRP, six of them strengthened in the horizontal direction and the others in the vertical direction. The parameters of the configuration of CFRP, the sizes of the openings and the locations of the openings were covered in this study. The test results indicates the shear strengths of deep beams with openings sized 60×40 mm were about 16% higher than that with openings sized 68×68 mm. For deep beams with openings sized 60×40 mm, the lower the locations of openings the higher the shear strengths were. The test results also indicate the shear strengths of deep beams with web openings strengthened by CFRP wrapped in the vertical direction can be enhanced by about 10%. However, the shear strengths of deep beams with web openings strengthened by CFRP wrapped in the horizontal direction can only be enhanced by about 6%. The shear strengths of deep beam, with different size and location of web openings and strengthened by different configuration of CFRP can be reasonably predicted by the empirical formulas of Kong and Sharp.

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