Growth performance, biomass accumulation, and energy production in age series of clonal teak plantation

Pandu Yudha Adi Putra Wirabuana,Rina Laksmi Hendrati,Liliana Baskorowati,Mudji Susanto,Mashudi  ,Harry Budi Santoso Sulistiadi,Dedi Setiadi,Sumardi  ,Syamsu Alam 한국산림과학회 2022 Forest Science And Technology Vol.18 No.2

Clonal teak plantation has been extensively developed in Java and providing a purposeful contribution to improve the productivity of the state forests. It also plays a crucial role in cli- mate change mitigation and serves as a primary source of renewable energy. However, information about its stand dynamics has been rarely documented. This study investigated the growth, biomass, carbon stock, and energy storage along an age series of clonal teak plantation. The study site was located in the Kendal Forest Management Unit. Data were col- lected from 14 different compartments as the priority sites of clonal teak establishment. Every compartment had similar site quality but different in age stand. Results demonstrated that the incremental rate of diameter and height was higher during the initial period between 1 and 3 years. The mean volume increased along with age and reached its max- imum value at 14 years (164.54 m3 ha1). Biomass distribution in each tree component varied from 8.75 to 66.72%. More than 80% biomass production was accumulated above ground. Total carbon stock improved from 2.68 Mg ha1 at 1 year to 54.01 Mg ha1 at 14 years. Our study noted that the total energy storage in clonal teak plantation increased progressively from 22.71 106 MJ ha1 at 1 year to 377.74 106 MJ ha1 at 14 years. Overall, this study concluded the growth, biomass, carbon, and energy in clonal teak increased progressively with age. Further investigations are still required to understand the stand dynamics of clonal teak at different sites.

Performance of Six-Layered Cross Laminated Timber of Fast-Growing Species Glued with Tannin Resorcinol Formaldehyde

( Deazy Rachmi Trisatya ),( Adi Santoso ),( Abdurrachman Abdurrachman ),( Dina Alva Prastiwi ) 한국목재공학회 2023 목재공학 Vol.51 No.2

The aim of this study were to evaluate tannin resorcinol formaldehyde (TRF) for the preparation of cross-laminated timbers (CLTs) made from fast-growing tree species and to analyze the physical and mechanical properties of CLTs. TRF copolymer resin was prepared by using the bark extracts of Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. It was observed that the TRF adhesive possessed less solid content (23.59%), high viscosity (11.35 poise), and high pH values (10.0) compared to the standard phenol resorcinol formaldehyde. The TRF adhesive was applied to produce CLTs with the addition of 15% tapioca and flour as an extender. The six-layered CLTs were produced from sengon (Falcataria moluccana Miq.), jabon [Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb) Miq.], coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), and the combination of coconut-jabon and coconut-sengon wood. The analysis of variance revealed that the layer composition of CLT significantly affected the physical and mechanical properties of the beam. While the modulus of rupture met the standard, the moisture content and modulus of elasticity values did not fulfill JAS 1152-2007. All of the CLTs produced in this study demonstrated low formaldehyde emission, ranging from 0.001 mg/L to 0.003 mg/L, thereby satisfying the JAS 1152 for structural glue laminated timber.

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Lumber of Pine (Pinus merkusii) and Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba)

( Andi Sri Rahayu Diza Lestari ),( Yusuf Sudo Hadi ),( Dede Hermawan ),( Adi Santoso ) 한국목재공학회 2018 목재공학 Vol.46 No.2

The aim of this research was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of glued laminated lumber (glulam) made from jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) and pine (Pinus merkusii). Three layers of lamina from each wood species were bonded using isocyanate adhesive with a glue spread of 280 g·m^-2 and then pressed using cold press with a specific pressure of 1.47 MPa. Samples had dimensions of 3 cm×6 cm×100 cm (thickness, width, and length, respectively). Glulam properties were tested based on Japanese Agricultural Standard (JAS) 234-2003. The results showed that the density of glulam was 0.36 g·cm^-3 for jabon and 0.73 g·cm^-3 for pine. The moisture content of all glulams fulfilled the JAS standard. The mechanical properties of pine glulam fulfilled the JAS standard in all tests, whereas jabon glulam fulfilled the standard in the modulus of rupture and shear tests.

Properties of Glued Laminated Timber Made from Fast-growing Species with Mangium Tannin and Phenol Resorcinol Formaldehyde Adhesives

( Jessica Hendrik ),( Yusuf Sudo Hadi ),( Muh Yusram Massijaya ),( Adi Santoso ),( Antonio Pizzi ) 한국목재공학회 2019 목재공학 Vol.47 No.3

This study characterized the chemical compounds in tannin from mangium (Acacia mangium) bark extract and determined the physical-mechanical properties of glued laminated timber (glulam) made from sengon (Falcataria moluccana), jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba), and mangium wood. The adhesives used to prepare the glulam were based on mangium tannin and phenol resorcinol formaldehyde resin. Five-layer glulam beams measuring 5 cm × 6 cm × 120 cm in thickness, width, and length, respectively, were made with a glue spread of 280 g/m² for each glue line, cold pressing at 10.5 kgf/cm² for 4 h and clamping for 20 h. Condensed mangium tannin consisted of 49.08% phenolic compounds with an average molecular weight of 4745. The degree of crystallinity was 14.8%. The Stiasny number was 47.22%. The density and the moisture content of the glulams differed from those of the corresponding solid woods with mangium having the lowest moisture content (9.58%) and the highest density (0.66 g/cm³). The modulus of rupture for all glulam beams met the JAS 234-2003 standard but the modulus of elasticity and the shear strength values did not. Glulam beams made with tannin had high delamination under dry and wet conditions, but glulam made from sengon and jabon wood met the standard’s requirements. All glulam beams had low formaldehyde emissions and were classified as F**** for formaldehyde emissions according to the JAS 234 (2003) standard.

SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Neutralization Assay Platforms Based on Epitopes Sources: Live Virus, Pseudovirus, and Recombinant S Glycoprotein RBD

Septisetyani Endah Puji,Prasetyaningrum Pekik Wiji,Anam Khairul,Santoso Adi 대한면역학회 2021 Immune Network Vol.21 No.6

The high virulent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus that emerged in China at the end of 2019 has generated novel coronavirus disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), causing a pandemic worldwide. Every country has made great efforts to struggle against SARS-CoV-2 infection, including massive vaccination, immunological patients’ surveillance, and the utilization of convalescence plasma for COVID-19 therapy. These efforts are associated with the attempts to increase the titers of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing Abs (nAbs) generated either after infection or vaccination that represent the body’s immune status. As there is no standard therapy for COVID-19 yet, virus eradication will mainly depend on these nAbs contents in the body. Therefore, serological nAbs neutralization assays become a requirement for researchers and clinicians to measure nAbs titers. Different platforms have been developed to evaluate nAbs titers utilizing various epitopes sources, including neutralization assays based on the live virus, pseudovirus, and neutralization assays utilizing recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein receptor binding site, receptor-binding domain. As a standard neutralization assay, the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) requires isolation and propagation of live pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 virus conducted in a BSL-3 containment. Hence, other surrogate neutralization assays relevant to the PRNT play important alternatives that offer better safety besides facilitating high throughput analyses. This review discusses the current neutralization assay platforms used to evaluate nAbs, their techniques, advantages, and limitations.

Antibiofilm Activity and Binding Specificity of Polyclonal DNA Aptamers on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Kusumawati Arizah,Mustopa Apon Zaenal,Umami Rifqiyah Nur,Santoso Adi,Wibawan I Wayan Teguh,Setiyono Agus,Sudarwanto Mirnawati Bachrum 한국미생물·생명공학회 2022 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.50 No.3

Aptamers are short, chemically synthesized, single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides that fold into unique three-dimensional structures. In this study, we aim to determine the antibiofilm activity and binding specificity of the six polyclonal DNA aptamers (S15K3, S15K4, S15K6, S15K13, S15K15, and S15K20) on Staphylococcus aureus BPA-12 and Escherichia coli EPEC 4. Aptamer S15K6 showed the highest percentage of antibiofilm activity against S. aureus BPA-12 (37.4%) as shown by the lowest OD570 value of 0.313. Aptamer S15K20 showed the highest percentage of antibiofilm activity against E. coli EPEC 4 (15.4%) as shown by the lowest OD570 value of 0.515. Aptamers S15K13 and S15K20 showed antibiofilm activities against both S. aureus BPA-12 and E. coli EPEC4, and thus potentially have broad reactivity. Furthermore, based on the binding capacity and Kd values from our previous study, the binding specificity assay of selected polyclonal DNA aptamers (S15K3 and S15K15) against S. aureus BPA-12, E. coli EPEC 4, S. aureus BPA-6, S. agalactiae, E. coli MHA-6, and Listeria monocytogenes were performed using qPCR. Aptamers S15K3 and S15K15 showed specific binding to S. aureus BPA-12, E. coli EPEC 4, S. aureus BPA-6, and S. agalactiae, but could not bind to E. coli MHA-6 and L. monocytogenes. Therefore, this study showed that the polyclonal DNA aptamers have antibiofilm activity and were able to bind to S. aureus BPA-12 and E. coli EPEC 4 bacteria.