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Mechanism of Na-Ion Storage in BiOCl Anode and the Sodium-Ion Battery Formation
Dutta, Prasit Kumar,Myung, Yoon,Kulangaramadom Venkiteswaran, Rohini,Mehdi, Layla,Browning, Nigel,Banerjee, Parag,Mitra, Sagar American Chemical Society 2019 The Journal of Physical Chemistry Part C Vol. No.
<P>We systematically unravel the mechanism by which sodium ion reacts electrochemically with ionically layered BiOCl nanosheets. Solution-processed BiOCl nanosheets were cycled using slow scan cyclic voltammetry (50 μV s<SUP>-1</SUP>) to reach the desired reaction voltages. Characterizations using in situ impedance spectroscopy and ex situ X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy are used to map the mechanism of Na-ion insertion and deinsertion in BiOCl nanosheets. It was found that BiOCl initially undergoes a conversion reaction to form metallic Bi. The metallic Bi further alloys with sodium ion to form Na<SUB>3</SUB>Bi and NaBi, a compound whose formation has not been reported before. We also detect the formation of BiO, Na<SUB>3</SUB>BiO<SUB>4</SUB>, and NaBiO<SUB>3</SUB>. Finally, BiOCl is used as anode against a Prussian blue cathode to prepare a full cell that is capable of providing an average discharge potential of ∼2.2 V at the 100th cycle. The overall study reveals new insights and key differences in the mechanism of sodium-based electrochemical energy storage systems.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>