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Cytokine profiles in intensive care unit delirium
Ryan J. Smith,Christian Lachner,Vijay P. Singh,Shubham Trivedi,Biswajit Khatua,Rodrigo Cartin-Ceba 대한중환자의학회 2022 Acute and Critical Care Vol.37 No.3
Background: Neuroinflammation causing disruption of the blood-brain barrier and immune cell extravasation into the brain parenchyma may cause delirium; however, knowledge of the exact pathophysiologic mechanism remains incomplete. The purpose of our study was to determine whether cytokine profiles differ depending on whether delirium occurs in the setting of sepsis, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), or recent surgery.Methods: This prospective observational cohort study involved 119 critically ill patients admitted to a multidisciplinary intensive care unit (ICU) during 2019 and 2020. Delirium was identified using the validated confusion assessment method for the ICU. Multiple delirium risk factors were collected daily including clinical characteristics, hospital course, lab values, vital signs, surgical exposure, drug exposure, and COVID-19 characteristics. Serums samples were collected within 12 hours of ICU admission and cytokine levels were measured.Results: The following proinflammatory cytokines were elevated in our delirium population: tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-18, C-C motif ligand (CCL) 2, CCL3, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)1, CXCL10, IL-8, IL-1 receptor antagonist, and IL-10. Analysis of relative cytokine levels in those patients that developed delirium in the setting of sepsis, COVID-19, and recent surgery showed elevations of CCL2, CXCL10, and TNF-α in both the sepsis and COVID-19 group in comparison to the postsurgical population. In the postsurgical group, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor was elevated and CXCL10 was decreased relative to the opposing groups.Conclusions: We identify several cytokines and precipitating factors known to be associated with delirium. However, our study suggests that the cytokine profile associated with delirium is variable and contingent upon delirium precipitating factors.
THE EFFECT OF HOST GALAXIES ON TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE IN THE SDSS-II SUPERNOVA SURVEY
Lampeitl, Hubert,Smith, Mathew,Nichol, Robert C.,Bassett, Bruce,Cinabro, David,Dilday, Benjamin,Foley, Ryan J.,Frieman, Joshua A.,Garnavich, Peter M.,Goobar, Ariel,Im, Myungshin,Jha, Saurabh W.,Marrin IOP Publishing 2010 The Astrophysical journal Vol.722 No.1
Dynamics and gain in highly-excited InGaN MQWs
R.A.Taylor,K.Kyhm,J.D.Smith,J.H.Rice,J.F.Ryan,T.Someya,Y.Arakawa 한국물리학회 2002 Current Applied Physics Vol.2 No.4
The Kerr gate technique is used to time-resolve the gain in an In0:02Ga0:98N/In0:16Ga0:84N multiple quantum well sample. A newwayofanalyzingthe datain suchavariable stripelength methodgainexperiment isusedto analyzeboththetime-integrated andtime-is caused by the change of the chemical potential along the excited stripe due to the interaction of the carrier and photon densities, andthegain thresholddensityisestimated. Atrialfunctionassuming aLorentzian lineshapeforthe stripelengthdependence ofthe gainiscompared with the edge emission intensity. This is found to t very well with our data, even beyond the saturation region. Fur-thermore, we have extended the investigation to examine the dynamics of the emission and gain. These measurements suggest that thephotoexcited carriers must localize (possibly at indium-rich sites) before strong stimulated emission is seen.. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Mazzucato, E.,Bell, R.E.,Ethier, S.,Hosea, J.C.,Kaye, S.M.,LeBlanc, B.P.,Lee, W.W.,Ryan, P.M.,Smith, D.R.,Wang, W.X.,Wilson, J.R.,Yuh, H. International Atomic Energy Agency 2009 Nuclear fusion Vol.49 No.5
<P>Various theories and numerical simulations support the conjecture that the ubiquitous problem of anomalous electron transport in tokamaks may arise from a short-scale turbulence driven by the electron temperature gradient. To check whether this turbulence is present in plasmas of the National Spherical Torus Experiment, measurements of turbulent fluctuations were performed with coherent scattering of electromagnetic waves. Results from plasmas heated by high harmonic fast waves show the existence of density fluctuations in the range of wave numbers <I>k</I><SUB>⊥</SUB>ρ<SUB>e</SUB> = 0.1–0.4, corresponding to a turbulence scale length of the order of the collisionless skin depth. Experimental observations and agreement with numerical results from the linear gyro-kinetic GS2 code indicate that the observed turbulence is driven by the electron temperature gradient. These turbulent fluctuations were not observed at the location of an internal transport barrier driven by a negative magnetic shear.</P>