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Pascua, Philippe Noriel Q.,Song, Min-Suk,Kwon, Hyeok-Il,Lim, Gyo-Jin,Kim, Eun-Ha,Park, Su-Jin,Lee, Ok-Jun,Kim, Chul-Joong,Webby, Richard J.,Webster, Robert G.,Choi, Young-Ki American Society for Microbiology 2013 Journal of virology Vol.87 No.19
<P>We previously reported that influenza A/swine/Korea/1204/2009(H1N2) virus was virulent and transmissible in ferrets in which the respiratory-droplet-transmissible virus (CT-Sw/1204) had acquired simultaneous hemagglutinin (HA<SUB>D225G</SUB>) and neuraminidase (NA<SUB>S315N</SUB>) mutations. Incorporating these mutations into the nonpathogenic A/swine/Korea/1130/2009(H1N2, Sw/1130) virus consequently altered pathogenicity and growth in animal models but could not establish efficient transmission or noticeable disease. We therefore exploited various reassortants of these two viruses to better understand and identify other viral factors responsible for pathogenicity, transmissibility, or both. We found that possession of the CT-Sw/1204 tripartite viral polymerase enhanced replicative ability and pathogenicity in mice more significantly than did expression of individual polymerase subunit proteins. In ferrets, homologous expression of viral RNA polymerase complex genes in the context of the mutant Sw/1130 carrying the HA<SUB>225G</SUB> and NA<SUB>315N</SUB> modifications induced optimal replication in the upper nasal and lower respiratory tracts and also promoted efficient aerosol transmission to respiratory droplet contact ferrets. These data show that the synergistic function of the tripartite polymerase gene complex of CT-Sw/1204 is critically important for virulence and transmission independent of the surface glycoproteins. Sequence comparison results reveal putative differences that are likely to be responsible for variation in disease. Our findings may help elucidate previously undefined viral factors that could expand the host range and disease severity induced by triple-reassortant swine viruses, including the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, and therefore further justify the ongoing development of novel antiviral drugs targeting the viral polymerase complex subunits.</P>
Ultrasonographic features and clinical implications of benign palpable breast lesions in young women
Richard Ha,Hyonah Kim,Victoria Mango,Ralph Wynn,Christopher Comstock 대한초음파의학회 2015 ULTRASONOGRAPHY Vol.34 No.1
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the breast ultrasonography (US) features and to investigate whether performing a core biopsy is warranted in young women having palpable solid breast masses. Methods: A total of 76 solid palpable masses in 68 consecutive women (≤25 years old)underwent tissue diagnosis by percutaneous core biopsy. Two radiologists, who were blinded to the clinical history and histopathology, independently evaluated the US features according to Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) lexicon. The frequency of benign and malignant descriptor terms that were used to characterize the lesions were compared to the final pathology. Results: All 76 palpable solid masses yielded benign pathology. On the US, the shape of the mass was described by radiologists 1 and 2 as oval or round (63.2% and 71.1%), margin as circumscribed (68.4% and 77.6%) and orientation as parallel (85.5% and 90.8%); the frequency of using all three benign descriptors was 61.8% and 68.5%, respectively. Suspicious descriptors were used less frequently by radiologists 1 and 2 including irregular shape (9.2% and 13.1%), non-circumscribed margin (31.6% and 22.4%) and non-parallel orientation (14.5% and 9.2%); the frequency of using all three suspicious descriptors was 9.2% and 11.8%, respectively. Conclusion: Despite the variable US features, breast malignancy seems extremely low in 25 years or younger women for palpable breast lesions. Using the BI-RADS lexicon, US accurately predicted benignity in about two thirds of our patients, supporting US surveillance as a safe alternative to invasive tissue sampling in this setting.
Ha Choi, Ji,Wah Yee, Sook,Kim, Mee J.,Nguyen, Loan,Ho Lee, Jeong,Kang, Ji-One,Hesselson, Stephanie,Castro, Richard A.,Stryke, Doug,Johns, Susan J.,Kwok, Pui-Yan,Ferrin, Thomas E.,Goo Lee, Min,Black, B Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Inc. 2009 Pharmacogenetics and genomics Vol.19 No.10
OBJECTIVES: Human multidrug and toxin extrusion member 1, MATE1 (SLC47A1), plays an important role in the renal and biliary excretion of endogenous and exogenous organic cations including many therapeutic drugs. In this study, we characterized the transcriptional effects of five polymorphic variants and six common haplotypes in the basal promoter region of MATE1 that were identified in 272 DNA samples from ethnically diverse US populations. METHODS: We measured luciferase activities of the six common promoter haplotypes of MATE1 using in-vitro and in-vivo reporter assays. RESULTS: Haplotypes that contain the most common variant (mean allele frequency in four ethnic groups: 0.322), g.–66T>C, showed a significant decrease in reporter activities compared to the reference. Two transcription factors, activating protein-1 (AP-1) and activating protein-2 repressor (AP-2rep), were predicted to bind to the promoter in the region of g.–66T>C. Results from electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that the g.–66T allele, exhibited greater binding to AP-1 than the g.–66C allele. AP-2rep inhibited the binding of AP-1 to the MATE1 basal promoter region, and the effect was considerably greater for the g.–66T>C. These data suggest that the reduced transcriptional activity of g.–66T>C results from a reduction in the binding potency of the transcriptional activator, AP-1, and an enhanced binding potency of the repressor, AP-2rep to the MATE1 basal promoter region. Consistent with the reporter assays, MATE1 mRNA expression levels were significantly lower in kidney samples from individuals who were homozygous or heterozygous for g.–66T>C in comparison with samples from individuals who were homozygous for the g.–66T allele. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that the rate of transcription of MATE1 is regulated by AP-1 and AP-2rep and that a common promoter variant, g.–66T>C may affect the expression level of MATE1 in human kidney, and ultimately result in variation in drug disposition and response.
BUSINESS INCENTIVE CONTROLS AND BARGAINING
Hyunsang Ha,Richard C. Feiock 한국정책분석평가학회 2011 한국정책분석평가학회 학술대회발표논문집 Vol.2011 No.2
This study examines factors that influence the application of performance agreements with clawback clauses to control economic development incentives. We advance a bargaining model based on networks that provides a lens for understanding development subsidies and controls. While the financial condition of local governments and networks with private organizations discourage the application of performance agreements and clawback clauses, willingness to bargain to attract business, the size of large business, and networks with public organizations promote performance agreements with clawback clauses. Another interesting finding is that bargaining conditions based on networks are more likely to play roles in decisions to always apply performance agreements with clawback clauses but not less binding agreements.
The Influence of Institutional Conditions on the Application of Cost-Benefit Analyses
Hyunsang Ha,Richard C. Feiock 한국정책분석평가학회 2010 政策分析評價學會報 Vol.20 No.4
This study examines the extent to which institutional conditions influence the application of cost-benefit analysis to control development subsidies. This study concentrates on institutional conditions that previous studies concerned with development subsidy controls have not considered. Analytical results show that political institutions and decision environments significantly influence the application of cost-benefit analysis. Specifically, while elected officials are less likely to apply cost-benefit analysis, appointed officials such as city managers or professional administrators are more likely to apply it. For decision environments, both theimportance of economic development and accumulated experience promote the application of cost-benefit analysis. Korean local governments that competitively pursue local economic development through a variety of development incentives will need to take notice of these results to efficiently apply cost-benefit analysis to local business subsidies.
Evaluation of Chemical Precipitation for 137Cs and 90Sr Separation From Complexed Acidic Wastewater
Maengkyo Oh,Keunyoung Lee,Richard I. Foster,Chang-Ha Lee 한국방사성폐기물학회 2022 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.20 No.1
Concrete is one of the largest wastes, by volume, generated during the decommissioning of nuclear facilities, which significantly influences the projected costs for the disposal of decommissioning wastes. Concrete consists of aggregates and a cement binder. In radioactive concrete, the radioisotopes are mainly associated with the cement component. If the radioactive isotope can be separated from the concrete to below the clearance criteria, the volume of radioactive concrete waste could be reduced effectively. We were studied to separate the radioactive materials from the concrete by using the thermomechanical and chemical treatment processes, sequentially. From the study, separated aggregate could be treated to achieve the clearance level. However, these processes generate a large volume of secondary acidic radioactive wastewater, which might be a critical problem to reduce the volume of radioactive concrete waste. In this research, separating the 137Cs and 90Sr from dissolved concrete wastewater to below the discharge criteria by precipitation method, it would be released to the environment under industrial waste guidelines. The experiments were conducted to using a simulated radioactive wastewater, formed by the dissolution of concrete within HCl, which was spiking the 137Cs and 90Sr, respectively. In addition, we applied the chemical precipitation methods with wastewater, using ferrocyanide for 137Cs and BaSO4 coprecipitation for 90Sr. As a result, targeted radionuclides could be removed to the discharge level (137Cs: 0.05 Bq·ml?1, 90Sr: 0.02 Bq·ml?1) by precipitation method. Therefore, it could reduce the secondary wastewater effectively by precipitation method and enhance the additional volume reduction for radioactive concrete waste.
The Multiscale Global Monsoon System: Research and Prediction Challenges in Weather and Climate
Chang, Chih-Pei,Johnson, Richard H.,Ha, Kyung-Ja,Kim, Daehyun,Ngar-Cheung Lau, Gabriel,Wang, Bin,Bell, Michael M.,Luo, Yali American Meteorological Society 2018 Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol.99 No.9
PARK, GEUN‐,HA,WANNINKHOF, RIK,DONEY, SCOTT C.,TAKAHASHI, TARO,LEE, KITACK,FEELY, RICHARD A.,SABINE, CHRISTOPHER L.,TRIÑ,ANES, JOAQUIN,LIMA, IVAN D. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2010 Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorolog Vol.62 No.5
<P><B>ABSTRACT</B></P><P>The interannual variability of net sea–air CO<SUB>2</SUB> flux for the period 1982–2007 is obtained from a diagnostic model using empirical subannual relationships between climatological CO<SUB>2</SUB> partial pressure in surface seawater (<I>p</I>CO<SUB>2SW</SUB>) and sea surface temperature (SST), along with interannual changes in SST and wind speed. These optimum subannual relationships show significantly better correlation between <I>p</I>CO<SUB>2SW</SUB> and SST than the previous relationships using fixed monthly boundaries. Our diagnostic model yields an interannual variability of ±0.14 PgC yr<SUP>−1</SUP> (1σ) with a 26‐year mean of −1.48 PgC yr<SUP>−1</SUP>. The greatest interannual variability is found in the Equatorial Pacific, and significant variability is also found at northern and southern high‐latitudes, depending in part, on which wind product is used. We provide an assessment of our approach by applying it to <I>p</I>CO<SUB>2SW</SUB> and SST output from a prognostic global biogeochemical ocean model. Our diagnostic approach applied to this model output shows reasonable agreement with the prognostic model net sea–air CO<SUB>2</SUB> fluxes in terms of magnitude and phase of variability, suggesting that our diagnostic approach can capture much of the observed variability on regional to global scale. A notable exception is that our approach shows significantly less variability than the prognostic model in the Southern Ocean.</P>