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Breaking Waves in Deep and Intermediate Waters
Perlin, Marc,Choi, Wooyoung,Tian, Zhigang Annual Reviews 2013 Annual review of fluid mechanics Vol.45 No.-
<P>Since time immemorial, surface water waves and their subsequent breaking have been studied. Herein we concentrate on breaking surface waves in deep and intermediate water depths. Progress has been made in several areas, including the prediction of their geometry, breaking onset, and especially energy dissipation. Recent progress in the study of geometric properties has evolved such that we can identify possible connections between crest geometry and energy dissipation and its rate. Onset prediction based on the local wave-energy growth rate appears robust, consistent with experiments, although the application of criteria in phase-resolving, deterministic prediction may be limited as calculation of the diagnostic parameter is nontrivial. Parameterization of the dissipation rate has benefited greatly from synergistic field and laboratory investigations, and relationships among the dynamics, kinematics, and the parameterization of the dynamics using geometric properties are now available. Field efforts continue, and although progress has been made, consensus among researchers is limited, in part because of the relatively few studies. Although direct numerical simulations of breaking waves are not yet a viable option, simpler models (e.g., implementation of an eddy viscosity model) have yielded positive results, particularly with regard to energy dissipation.</P>
On the energy economics of air lubrication drag reduction
Makiharju, Simo A.,Perlin, Marc,Ceccio, Steven L. The Society of Naval Architects of Korea 2012 International Journal of Naval Architecture and Oc Vol.4 No.4
Air lubrication techniques for frictional drag reduction on ships have been proposed by numerous researchers since the 19th century. However, these techniques have not been widely adopted as questions persist about their drag reduction performance beyond the laboratory, as well as energy and economic cost-benefit. This paper draws on data from the literature to consider the suitability of air lubrication for large ocean going and U.S. Great Lakes ships, by establishing the basic energy economic calculations and presenting results for a hypothetical air lubricated ship. All the assumptions made in the course of the analysis are clearly stated so that they can be refined when considering application of air lubrication to a specific ship. The analysis suggests that, if successfully implemented, both air layer and partial cavity drag reduction could lead to net energy savings of 10 to 20%, with corresponding reductions in emissions.
On the energy economics of air lubrication drag reduction
Simo A. Mäkiharju,Marc Perlin,Steven L. Ceccio 대한조선학회 2012 International Journal of Naval Architecture and Oc Vol.4 No.4
Air lubrication techniques for frictional drag reduction on ships have been proposed by numerous rese¬archers since the 19th century. However, these techniques have not been widely adopted as questions persist about their drag reduction performance beyond the laboratory, as well as energy and economic cost-benefit. This paper draws on data from the literature to consider the suitability of air lubrication for large ocean going and U.S. Great Lakes ships, by establishing the basic energy economic calculations and presenting results for a hypothetical air lubricated ship. All the assumptions made in the course of the analysis are clearly stated so that they can be refined when considering application of air lubrication to a specific ship. The analysis suggests that, if successfully implemented, both air layer and partial cavity drag reduction could lead to net energy savings of 10 to 20%, with corresponding reductions in emissions.
Do, Yoonkyung,Koh, Hyein,Park, Chae Gyu,Dudziak, Diana,Seo, Patrick,Mehandru, S.,Choi, Jae-Hoon,Cheong, Cheolho,Park, Steven,Perlin, David S.,Powell, Bradford S.,Steinman, Ralph M. WILEY-VCH Verlag 2010 European journal of immunology Vol.40 No.10
<P>To help design needed new vaccines for pneumonic plague, we targeted the Yersinia pestis LcrV protein directly to CD8α<SUP>+</SUP> DEC-205<SUP>+</SUP> or CD8α<SUP>−</SUP> DCIR2<SUP>+</SUP> DC along with a clinically feasible adjuvant, poly IC. By studying Y. pestis in mice, we could evaluate the capacity of this targeting approach to protect against a human pathogen. The DEC-targeted LcrV induced polarized Th1 immunity, whereas DCIR2-targeted LcrV induced fewer CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cells secreting IFN-γ, but higher IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 production. DCIR-2 targeting elicited higher anti-LcrV Ab titers than DEC targeting, which were comparable to a protein vaccine given in alhydrogel adjuvant, but the latter did not induce detectable T-cell immunity. When DEC- and DCIR2-targeted and F1-V+ alhydrogel-vaccinated mice were challenged 6 wk after vaccination with the virulent CO92 Y. pestis, the protection level and Ab titers induced by DCIR2 targeting were similar to those induced by F1-V protein with alhydrogel vaccination. Therefore, LcrV targeting to DC elicits combined humoral and cellular immunity, and for the first time with this approach, also induces protection in a mouse model for a human pathogen.</P>