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MEASUREMENT OF ICE PACKING FACTOR OF AQUEOUS SOLUTION WITH ICE SLURRY USING REFRACTIVE INDEX
Peck, Jong-Hyeon,Kang, Chae-Dong,Hong, Hi-Ki The Society of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating 2010 International Journal Of Air-Conditioning and Refr Vol.18 No.2
In the present work, a new method is proposed for the measurement of the ice packing factor (IPF) of an ice slurry using the index of refraction. The purpose of the new method is to improve the resolution of the measurement and to increase its resistance to electric noise as compared to the standard IPF measurement technique that relies on the measurement of the freezing temperature. These two methods are similar in that they both obtain a concentration of aqueous solution from the measured physical quantities and calculate the IPF using the relationship between concentration and IPF. Both methods were also compared with the results from the calorimeter method obtaining the IPF directly. The two methods are in good agreement (within 5%), which demonstrate the validity of the newly proposed method.
Peck Loo Kiew,Zainal Ahmad,Mashitah Mat Don 한국생물공학회 2013 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.18 No.2
Fractional factorial design (FFD) was applied to evaluate the effects of various process parameters in influencing the extraction efficiency of pepsin soluble collagen (PSC) from muscles of cultured catfish (Clarias gariepinus×C. macrocephalus). Result of the first order factorial design showed that acetic acid concentration, acid extraction time, acetic acid to muscles ratio, and stirring speed posed significant effect (P<0.05) on the yield of PSC obtained at the end of the extraction process. Two different artificial intelligence techniques namely artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic algorithm (GA) were then integrated for optimizing the extraction conditions to obtain the highest yield of PSC. The ANN was trained using the back propagation algorithm. A model was successfully generated with R2 value of 0.9527 and MSE value of 0.1672 for unseen data set, implying a good generalization of the network. Input parameters of the established ANN model were subsequently optimized using GA. The hybrid of ANN-GA model predicted a maximum extraction yield of PSC at 238.25 mg/g under the following conditions: an acetic acid concentration of 0.70 M, the acetic acid to muscles ratio of 25.78 mL/g,and the stirring speed of 432.50 rpm. Verification of the optimization showed the percentage error differences between the experimental and predicted values were less than 5%, indicating excellent modeling, predicting ability and optimization by the ANN-GA model.
Malaysian Freshwater Fish: Exploitable Source for Collagen Extraction
Peck Loo Kiew,Mashitah Mat Don 중소기업융합학회 2015 중소기업융합학회 국제학술대회논문집 Vol.2 No.1
Acid soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin soluble collagen (PSC) were extracted from the skin of cultured hybrid catfish (Clarias gariepinus X Clarias macrocephalus), red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), black tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), pangasius catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus), sultan fish (Leptobarbus hoevenii), and labyrinth fish (Trichogaster trichopterus), freshwater fishes that are widely consumed in Malaysia. The extracted yields for all selected species were higher for PSC as compared to ASC. Among all, catfish of the hybrid Clarias sp. contained the highest amount of skin collagen, both ASC and PSC at 36.73 ± 0.51 % and 58.17 ± 0.54 %, respectively. The extracted collagens were confirmed as type I collagen based on the SDSPAGE analysis and amino acid composition. Both ASC and PSC had glycine as the major amino acid and no cysteine was found in any of the extracted collagen. This was consistent with reported characteristics of type I collagen in the literature. Presence of collagen in the skin of these fishes showed the possibility to convert these natural resources into value-added product such as collagen, thus aids in improving their commercial values whilst assisting in ensuring the sustainability of Malaysian freshwater fishes.
Isolation and Characterization of Collagen from the Skin of Malaysian catfish (Hybrid Clarias sp.)
Peck Loo Kiew,Mat Don Mashitah 한국응용생명화학회 2013 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.56 No.4
Acid soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin soluble collagen (PSC) were isolated from the skin of hybrid Clarias sp. with the yields of 18.11±0.32 and 26.69±0.54% (wet weight basis), respectively. Both collagens were characterized as type I collagen, containing α1 and α2 chains. Presence of high molecular weight crosslinks were observed in the gel electrophoresis of both collagens. Fourier transform infrared spectra of both collagens were almost similar, suggesting that pepsin hydrolysis did not disrupt the triple helical structure. The amino acid analysis showed glycine was the most abundant, with 207/1000 and 223/1000 residues present in ASC and PSC, respectively. The amounts of imino acids were 185/1000 residues for both. Thermal denaturation temperatures were determined to be 31.5 and 31.0oC, respectively. Both collagens exhibited high solubility in acidic pH (1–5) and below 4% (w/v) NaCl concentration.
Peck Loo Kiew,Mat Don Mashitah,Zainal Ahmad 한국응용생명화학회 2014 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.57 No.1
The empirical kinetic models for the pepsin solublecollagen extraction from the skin of cultured hybrid catfish (Clarissp.) were studied using four two-parametric models, namely thepower law, parabolic diffusion, Peleg’s and Elovich’s models. ThePeleg’s model was found to be the best model capable of predictingthe extraction data with R2 >0.9, p-value >2.0%, and RMSD<10.0%, respectively. Kinetic models based on the second orderrate equation were successfully developed to describe the extractionprocesses with different processing variables. Extraction rateconstant, initial extraction rate and equilibrium concentrations fordifferent acetic acid concentrations, liquid to solid ratios, andpepsin dosages were predicted. The verification of the developedmodels showed that the experimental values agreed with thepredicted ones, with percentage error differences in the range of0.03–3.91%.
REAL-TIME MEASUREMENT OF ICE CONCENTRATIONS IN ICE SLURRY FLOW
Peck, Jong-Hyeon,Hong, Hi-Ki,Kang, Chae-Dong The Society of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating 2010 International Journal Of Air-Conditioning and Refr Vol.18 No.2
An experimental study was performed to measure the ice concentration of an ice slurry pipe flow in real time. In the present work, we suggest a refractive index measurement method and compare it to freezing point and density measurement methods. To measure the refractive index of the solution, ice particles in the ice slurry should be completely removed and a hydro-cyclone was used in this study instead of a mesh. The results from the measurement method by the refractive index coincided with those by the density within a ${\pm}$5% error range when the real-time solution density was used. Even though the density measurement method showed good resolution, the results using the initial density of the solution were more than 10% in error compared to those using the real-time density. And the density measurement method has an error range 1.5 times greater than the refractive index measurement method.