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Grayson W. Armstrong,Giacomo Veronese,Paul F. George,Isacco Montroni,Giampaolo Ugolini 대한예방의학회 2017 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.50 No.3
Objectives: Medical students represent a primary target for tobacco cessation training. This study assessed the prevalence of medical students’ tobacco use, attitudes, clinical skills, and tobacco-related curricula in two countries, the US and Italy, with known baseline disparities in hopes of identifying potential corrective interventions. Methods: From September to December 2013, medical students enrolled at the University of Bologna and at Brown University were recruited via email to answer survey questions assessing the prevalence of medical students’ tobacco use, attitudes and clinical skills related to patients’ smoking, and elements of medical school curricula related to tobacco use. Results: Of the 449 medical students enrolled at Brown and the 1426 enrolled at Bologna, 174 Brown students (38.7%) and 527 Bologna students (36.9%) participated in this study. Italian students were more likely to smoke (29.5% vs. 6.1%; p<0.001) and less likely to receive smoking cessation training (9.4% vs. 80.3%; p<0.001) than their American counterparts, even though the majority of students in both countries desired smoking cessation training (98.6% at Brown, 85.4% at Bologna; p<0.001). Additionally, negative beliefs regarding tobacco usage, the absence of formal training in smoking cessation counseling, and a negative interest in receiving specific training on smoking cessation were associated with a higher risk of not investigating a patient’s smoking status during a routine history and not offering tobacco cessation treatment to patients. Conclusions: Medical curricula on tobacco-related health hazards and on smoking cessation should be mandatory in order to reduce smoking among medical students, physicians, and patients, thereby improving tobacco-related global health.
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Armstrong, Grayson W.,Veronese, Giacomo,George, Paul F.,Montroni, Isacco,Ugolini, Giampaolo The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine 2017 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.50 No.3
Objectives: Medical students represent a primary target for tobacco cessation training. This study assessed the prevalence of medical students' tobacco use, attitudes, clinical skills, and tobacco-related curricula in two countries, the US and Italy, with known baseline disparities in hopes of identifying potential corrective interventions. Methods: From September to December 2013, medical students enrolled at the University of Bologna and at Brown University were recruited via email to answer survey questions assessing the prevalence of medical students' tobacco use, attitudes and clinical skills related to patients' smoking, and elements of medical school curricula related to tobacco use. Results: Of the 449 medical students enrolled at Brown and the 1426 enrolled at Bologna, 174 Brown students (38.7%) and 527 Bologna students (36.9%) participated in this study. Italian students were more likely to smoke (29.5% vs. 6.1%; p<0.001) and less likely to receive smoking cessation training (9.4% vs. 80.3%; p<0.001) than their American counterparts, even though the majority of students in both countries desired smoking cessation training (98.6% at Brown, 85.4% at Bologna; p<0.001). Additionally, negative beliefs regarding tobacco usage, the absence of formal training in smoking cessation counseling, and a negative interest in receiving specific training on smoking cessation were associated with a higher risk of not investigating a patient's smoking status during a routine history and not offering tobacco cessation treatment to patients. Conclusions: Medical curricula on tobacco-related health hazards and on smoking cessation should be mandatory in order to reduce smoking among medical students, physicians, and patients, thereby improving tobacco-related global health.
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Seo, Ho Seong,Minasov, George,Seepersaud, Ravin,Doran, Kelly S.,Dubrovska, Ievgeniia,Shuvalova, Ludmilla,Anderson, Wayne F.,Iverson, Tina M.,Sullam, Paul M. American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Bi 2013 The Journal of biological chemistry Vol.288 No.50
<▼1><P><B>Background:</B> The serine-rich repeat glycoproteins Srr1 and Srr2 are surface adhesins of <I>Streptococcus agalactiae</I> important for pathogenicity.</P><P><B>Results:</B> Both Srrs bind tandem repeats of the fibrinogen Aα chain, but Srr2 has greater affinity explained by structure-function analysis of the Srrs.</P><P><B>Conclusion:</B> A dock, lock, and latch mechanism describes the Srr-fibrinogen interaction.</P><P><B>Significance:</B> The higher affinity of Srr2 may contribute to the hypervirulence of Srr2-expressing strains.</P></▼1><▼2><P>The serine-rich repeat glycoproteins of Gram-positive bacteria comprise a large family of cell wall proteins. <I>Streptococcus agalactiae</I> (group B <I>streptococcus</I>, GBS) expresses either Srr1 or Srr2 on its surface, depending on the strain. Srr1 has recently been shown to bind fibrinogen, and this interaction contributes to the pathogenesis of GBS meningitis. Although strains expressing Srr2 appear to be hypervirulent, no ligand for this adhesin has been described. We now demonstrate that Srr2 also binds human fibrinogen and that this interaction promotes GBS attachment to endothelial cells. Recombinant Srr1 and Srr2 bound fibrinogen <I>in vitro</I>, with affinities of <I>K<SUB>D</SUB></I> = 2.1 × 10<SUP>−5</SUP> and 3.7 × 10<SUP>−6</SUP><SMALL>M</SMALL>, respectively, as measured by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. The binding site for Srr1 and Srr2 was localized to tandem repeats 6–8 of the fibrinogen Aα chain. The structures of both the Srr1 and Srr2 binding regions were determined and, in combination with mutagenesis studies, suggest that both Srr1 and Srr2 interact with a segment of these repeats via a “dock, lock, and latch” mechanism. Moreover, properties of the latch region may account for the increased affinity between Srr2 and fibrinogen. Together, these studies identify how greater affinity of Srr2 for fibrinogen may contribute to the increased virulence associated with Srr2-expressing strains.</P></▼2>
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EASSON, DAMIEN A.,FRAMPTON, PAUL H.,SMOOT, GEORGE F. World Scientific 2012 International journal of modern physics. A, Partic Vol.27 No.12
<P> One of the major pillars of modern cosmology theory is a period of accelerating expansion in the early universe. This accelerating expansion, or inflation, must be sustained for at least 30 e-foldings. One mechanism used to drive the acceleration is the addition of a new energy field, called the inflaton; often this is a scalar field. We propose an alternative mechanism which, like our approach to explain the late-time accelerating universe, uses the entropy and temperature intrinsic to information holographically stored on a surface enclosing the observed space. The acceleration is due in both cases to an emergent entropic force, naturally arising from the information storage on the horizon. </P>
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