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Phytoplasma Associated with Yellowing Disease of Washingtonia sp. in Kuwait
Al-Awadhi, Husain A.,Montasser, Magdy S.,Suleman, Patrice,Hanif, Asma M. The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2001 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.17 No.6
Yellowing disease of palms caused by phytoplasma is spreading in the Arabian Gulf region. Surveys were conducted to determine the occurrence of the disease. Electron and fluorescence microscopy, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were used to detect the phytoplasma associated with the yellowing disease of ornamental palm Washingtonia sp. grown in Kuwait. An accumulation of phytoplasmal DNA was observed by fluorescence microscopy in phloem tissues of diseased palms. Electron microscopy showed that phytoplasma cells were primarily confined to the phloemsieve elements of tissue samples collected from infected mature palms in the field. The pathogen was identified on the basis of molecular analysis using universal and specific nested primers in PCR amplifications. Prokaryotic 16S rDNA gene was detected in amplified PCR products. Nested PCR resulted in DNA amplification of 1.2 kbp fragment. This is the first report of a phytoplasmal rDNA gene identified from the putative causal pathogen of yellows in ornamental palms in the Arabian Gulf region.
Abdullah, Mansour T.,Ali, Nida Y.,Suleman, Patrice The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2008 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.24 No.4
Studies were conducted to determine the effects of temperature, solute potential and carbon source on the mycelial growth, sclerotia development, and apothecium production of an isolate of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Mycelial growth rate was greatest at $25^{\circ}C$ on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium amended with up to 2% NaCl (${\psi}s{\leq}1.91\;MPa$) and thereafter, growth rate declined. The least number of sclerotia were produced at $20^{\circ}C$on both PDA and malt extract agar (MEA) amended with 8% NaCl (${\psi}s=6.62\;MPa$). With increasing temperature and decreasing solute potential the number and size of sclerotia were significantly reduced. The combined effect of temperature, solute potential and carbon source on sclerotia production were highly significant and had an impact on the development of the rind layer cells of sclerotia. These cells lacked a transparent cell wall which was surrounded by a compact melanized layer, and some of these cells appeared to be devoid of cell contents or were totally vacuolated. The survival of the sclerotia with increase in salinity and temperature appeared to affect melanization and the nature of the rind cells. The observations of this study re-enforces the need for an integrated disease management to control S. sclerotiorum.
Mansour T. Abdullah,,Nida Y. Ali,Patrice Suleman 한국식물병리학회 2008 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.24 No.4
Studies were conducted to determine the effects of temperature, solute potential and carbon source on the mycelial growth, sclerotia development, and apothecium production of an isolate of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Mycelial growth rate was greatest at 25oC on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium amended with up to 2% NaCl (ψs ≤ 1.91 MPa) and thereafter, growth rate declined. The least number of sclerotia were produced at 20oC on both PDA and malt extract agar (MEA) amended with 8% NaCl (ψs=6.62 MPa). With increasing temperature and decreasing solute potential the number and size of sclerotia were significantly reduced. The combined effect of temperature, solute potential and carbon source on sclerotia production were highly significant and had an impact on the development of the rind layer cells of sclerotia. These cells lacked a transparent cell wall which was surrounded by a compact melanized layer, and some of these cells appeared to be devoid of cell contents or were totally vacuolated. The survival of the sclerotia with increase in salinity and temperature appeared to affect melanization and the nature of the rind cells. The observations of this study re-enforces the need for an integrated disease management to control S. sclerotiorum.