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Optimal Dispatch Model for Demand Response Aggregators
Victor J. Gutierrez-Martinez,Enrique A. Zamora-Cardenas,Alejandro Pizano-Martinez,Jose M. Lozano-Garcia,Miguel A. Gomez-Martinez 대한전기학회 2019 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.14 No.1
This paper proposes a new three-phase optimal dispatch model for multiple Demand Response (DR) aggregators. By means of the unbalanced distribution system modeling, DR involvement of single- and three-phase consumers is considered avoiding aggravating the asymmetric balancing between phases, as opposed to traditional positive-sequence DR approaches. Furthermore, this proposal can consider several DR service providers by means of the explicit inclusion of their characteristics, in the form of cost functions and capacity, in an optimal dispatch model for DR support at the distribution system level. Hence, this proposal helps to eliminate any possible uncertainty about the provision of DR services by improving the traditional hierarchical scheme adopted based on prices issued by the Independent System Operator (ISO). The model is implemented and solved combining the two state-of-the-art computational tools, Matlab® and OpenDSS. The former is used to solve the optimization problem, whereas the latter is used to perform numerical simulations of three-phase unbalanced power flow; both tools allow a straightforward model implementation resulting in a tool easily modified and updated. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is numerically demonstrated using the IEEE 13- and 123-node test feeders, in which undesirable operating scenarios are corrected by the implementation of the optimal dispatch of DR resources in very short computational times. Based on the results, it is shown how the ISO is capable to request DR considering several aggregators competing at the distribution system level. Finally, the loss reduction has been included in the objective function, showing that the proposal optimally dispatches the DR aggregators to conveniently minimize the ISO’s operational costs.
Pedro Sanchez,Francisco J. Pallares,Miguel A. Gomez,Antonio Bernabe,Serafin Gomez,Juan Seva 아세아·태평양축산학회 2018 Animal Bioscience Vol.31 No.11
Objective: The objective of this work was to determine the prevalence of the pathologies that caused the condemnation of pig carcasses in an area of intensive pig farming and Mediterranean climatology and to evaluate their influence in a risk-based inspection procedure for slaughterhouses. Methods: A retrospective observational investigation was carried out from 2002 to 2016 into the pathological processes that caused the condemnation of pig carcasses in a slaughterhouse from South-eastern Spain. The seasonal effect on the causes of condemnation carcass was reported. Negative binomial model was used to evaluate the effect of season on the rate of antemortem rejections and post-mortem condemnations. Histopathological examinations were performed to confirm the diagnosis. Results: The risk of antemortem rejections (0.0564%) was significantly greater in summer (risk ratio [RR] = 1.57). Autumn was associated with higher rate (RR = 1.69) of the total postmortem condemnations (0.1046%). Significantly higher rates of pronounced anaemia (0.0111%) were observed in summer (RR = 3.20). The main causes of anaemia were observed gastroesophageal ulcers and haemorrhagic enteropathies. Significantly highest risk of erysipelas (0.0074%) were observed in autumn (RR = 5.485). About other zoonosis, only eight cases (0.0013%) of carcasses were declared unfit due to tuberculosis lesions. Porcine muscular cysticercosis was not detected. Nevertheless, nonspecific causes such as generalized infections and emaciation represented the half of the condemned carcasses (50.90%). Conclusion: The pathologies leading to the condemnation of carcasses in this study can be considered representative of the pathologies that affect the pig population from a region with a high intensive production and Mediterranean climatology because this slaughterhouse receives a lot of animals from many farms of different size in a high intensive pig production zone (Mediterranean region). Increased knowledge of environmental factors that may foment the appearance of the diseases is essential for implementing inspection programs based on risk assessment in pig’s slaughterhouses.