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Bhat, T. S.,Mali, S. S.,Korade, S. D.,Shaikh, J. S.,Karanjkar, M. M.,Hong, C. K.,Kim, J. H.,Patil, P. S. Springer Science + Business Media 2017 Journal of materials science. Materials in electro Vol.28 No.1
<P>Anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) microspheres were successfully synthesized via a controlled chemical route using carbon spheres as sacrificial templates. The morphology has been controlled by varying the deposition time of carbonaceous (c) spheres from 4 to 16 h with the interval of 4 h, which affect the size of TiO2 spheres. The structural, morphological, optical, compositional and photoelectrochemical properties of the TiO2 thin films were studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirms the formation of anatase TiO2 with the tetragonal crystal structure. Field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the synthesized anatase TiO2 microspheres has average diameter of similar to 330-510 nm. The blueshift in optical absorption is observed due to Mie scattering. The indirect optical band gap energy of TiO2 was varied over 3.05-3.16 eV, with the increase in deposition time. The HRTEM and SAED results show the polycrystalline nature of the sample which is in good agreement with the XRD. The anatase TiO2 hollow spheres with mesoporous walls and high specific surface area i.e. 41 m(2) g(-1) was obtained using this simple method. The films were photoelectrochemically active with maximum current density 531 mu A/cm(2) under 100 mW/cm(2) illuminations.</P>
AUTOMOBILE AERODYNAMICS INFLUENCED BY AIRFOIL-SHAPED REAR WING
A. BULJAC,I. DŽIJAN,I. KORADE,S. KRIZMANIĆ,H. KOZMAR 한국자동차공학회 2016 International journal of automotive technology Vol.17 No.3
Computational model is developed to analyze aerodynamic loads and flow characteristics for an automobile, when the rear wing is placed above the trunk of the vehicle. The focus is on effects of the rear wing height that is investigated in four different positions. The relative wind incidence angle of the rear wing is equal in all configurations. Hence, the discrepancies in the results are only due to an influence of the rear wing position. Computations are performed by using the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations along with the standard k-ε turbulence model and standard wall functions assuming the steady viscous fluid flow. While the lift force is positive (upforce) for the automobile without the rear wing, negative lift force (downforce) is obtained for all configurations with the rear wing in place. At the same time, the rear wing increases the automobile drag that is not favorable with respect to the automobile fuel consumption. However, this drawback is not that significant, as the rear wing considerably benefits the automobile traction and stability. An optimal automobile downforce-to-drag ratio is obtained for the rear wing placed at 39 % of the height between the upper surface of the automobile trunk and the automobile roof. Two characteristic large vortices develop in the automobile wake in configuration without the rear wing. They vanish with the rear wing placed close to the trunk, while they gradually restore with an increase in the wing mounting height.