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중력모형(Gravity Model)에 기초한 韓國의 교역패턴 및 지역경제권의 영향
Chan-Hyun Sohn,Jinna Yoon 대외경제정책연구원 2000 East Asian Economic Review Vol.4 No.2
The purpose of this paper is to empirically analyze Korea’s trade patterns based on the gravity model and to suggest possible ways to expand trade by identifying important factors determining Korea’s bilateral trade flows. The gravity model assumes that trade flows between two countries are positively related to their economic size and negatively related to the distance between them. In this paper, new explanatory variables, such as the Trade conformity Index and APEC membership, were also included in order to examine the peculiarity of Korea’s trade patterns ? whether they follow the Heckscher-Ohlin model or the Differentiated Product Model ? and to estimate the influence of a regional economic bloc on Korean bilateral trade flows. According to the regression results of the analysis, it was found that Korea’s bilateral trade patterns fit the basic gravity model well and that inter-industry trade, as explained by the Hckscher-Ohlin model, is more prevalent in Korea’s international trade. Therefore, in order to expand bilateral trade volumes, it spears to be more desirable for Korea to promote bilateral trade with countries in close proximity and having large economies. However, Korea’s actual trade volumes, with countries like Japan and China which, in terms of economic size and distance, present greater advantages, seem to fall short of the trade volumes predicted by the gravity model. This implies that there are significant trade barriers between Korea and these countries. Therefore, by promoting a deeper form of trade liberalization with both Japan and China, Korea is expected to fully exploit its trade potentials and maximize the gains from trade.
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Kang, Han Na,Choi, Jae Woo,Shim, Hyo Sup,Kim, Jinna,Kim, Dae Joon,Lee, Chang Young,Hong, Min Hee,Park, Seong Yong,Park, A-Young,Shin, Eun Joo,Lee, Seo Yoon,Pyo, Kyoung-Ho,Yun, Mi Ran,Choi, Hun Mi,Lee, Elsevier 2018 Lung cancer Vol.124 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Background</B></P> <P>Preclinical models that can better predict therapeutic activity in clinical trials are needed in this era of personalized cancer treatment. Herein, we established genomically and clinically annotated patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) from non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and investigated whether these PDXs would faithfully recapitulate patient responses to targeted therapy.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>Patient-derived tumors were implanted in immunodeficient mice and subsequently expanded via re-implantation. Established PDXs were examined by light microscopy, genomic profiling, and in vivo drug testing, and the successful engraft rate was analyzed with the mutation profile, histology, or acquisition method. Finally, the drug responses of PDXs were compared with the clinical responses of the respective patients.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>Using samples from 122 patients, we established 41 NSCLC PDXs [30 adenocarcinoma (AD), 11 squamous cell carcinoma (SQ)], among which the following driver mutation were observed: 13 EGFR-mutant, 4 ALK-rearrangement, 1 ROS1-rearrangement, 1 PIK3CA-mutant, 1 FGFR1-amplification, and 2 KRAS-mutant. We rigorously characterized the relationship of clinical features to engraftment rate and latency rates. The engraft rates were comparable across histologic type. The AD engraft rate tended to be higher for surgically resected tissues relative to biopsies, whereas similar engraft rates was observed for SQ, irrespective of the acquisition method. Notably, EGFR-mutants demonstrated significantly longer latency time than EGFR-WT (86 vs. 37days, P = 0.007). The clinical responses were recapitulated by PDXs harboring driver gene alteration (EGFR, ALK, ROS1, or FGFR1) which regressed to their target inhibitors, suggesting that established PDXs comprise a clinically relevant platform.</P> <P><B>Conclusion</B></P> <P>The establishment of genetically and clinically annotated NSCLC PDXs can yield a robust preclinical tool for biomarker, therapeutic target, and drug discovery.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> We established 41 NSCLC PDXs by directly implanting tumor specimens of patients. </LI> <LI> These established PDXs were genetically and clinically annotated. </LI> <LI> The clinical response was recapitulated by PDXs. </LI> <LI> PDXs is a robust tool for biomarker, therapeutic target, and drug discovery. </LI> </UL> </P>
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