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India's Indo‐Pacific Strategy: A Pragmatic Balancing between the United States and China
Liu Hongsong,Jamali Ahmed Bux 인하대학교 국제관계연구소 2021 Pacific Focus Vol.36 No.1
Despite having differing foreign policy objectives against the core Indo‐Pacific fundamentals, Prime Minister Modi is constructing a robust, proactive, and influential role of India in the Indo‐Pacific region without formally aligning with the United States or gesturing for any confrontational behavior against China. To unfold India's Indo‐Pacific positioning, this paper asks how India behaves between the United States and China in the Indo‐Pacific. The authors argue that to address this, Modi's Indo‐Pacific strategy revolves around Pragmatic Balancing between the United States and China in the Indo‐Pacific. The paper highlights Modi's Indo‐Pacific ambitions to explore this pragmatic balancing, keeping in view the US Indo‐Pacific strategy. To deal with the United States on the geostrategic front, ensuring maximum strategic autonomy and building India's maritime security order in the Indian Ocean region are Modi's crucial policy outlooks. On the other hand, to deal with China on the geo‐economics front, maintaining the maritime economy's flow, thereby preventing any confrontational behavior with China on multilateralism, is the critical component of Modi's Indo‐Pacific strategy. The evaluation demonstrates Modi's pragmatism by redefining India's balancing behavior with the United States and China to achieve the desired foreign policy outcomes, before presenting the article's final conclusion.
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Yue Xu,Hongsong Liu 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2022 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.46 No.4
China has been a proponent of global governance reform, but its reform strategy does not remain constant. In the wake of the Global Financial Crisis, its political opportunities were depleting when dominant states, especially the United States, were recovering from the crisis. As a result, the promised 2010 International Monetary Fund (IMF) reform package failed to materialize under Beijing’s old reform strategy of making overt proposals. We argue that Beijing’s goal of the IMF reform was achieved through the creation of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. To advance reform, the newly-created institution needs to have sufficient governance capacity to ensure its effectiveness, produce policy outcomes close to Beijing’s preferences, and operate in an issue area competing for resources with the established institution, the IMF, but not necessarily in the same issue area as is required by the literature of contested multilateralism.
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Efficient removal of methylene blue in aqueous solution by freeze-dried calcium alginate beads
Yafei Zhao,Hongsong Zhang,Guangxue Liu,Zonggao Hu,Rouwen Guan,Bing Zhang 한국화학공학회 2016 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.33 No.11
Novel porous calcium alginate beads were prepared via crosslinking of calcium followed by freeze drying for investigating the adsorption performance for methylene blue. These beads possessed reduced shrinkage, highly porous lamellar structure and high specific surface area, and exhibited enhanced adsorption capacity and much faster adsorption rate compared to the non-porous beads obtained with conventional oven drying method. Methylene blue adsorption capacity increased with increasing of initial concentration and pH, while decreased with increasing of temperature. The adsorption process fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacity was 961.5mg g−1 at 298.15 K. After eight successive adsorption-desorption cycles, the adsorption capacity had negligible decrease. Owing to the high adsorption capability, rapid adsorption rate, easy recovery and reusability, the freeze-dried beads imply a prospective, biodegradable and attractive adsorbent for removing contaminants from wastewater.
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China-U.S. Maritime Competition: Destined for Strategic Miscalculations?
( Ahmed Bux Jamali ),( Hongsong Liu ) 한국국방연구원 2021 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.33 No.4
The paper evaluates the key factors that have predominantly increased the maritime competition between the United States and China. The authors argue that, due to the diverging naval interests in the South and the East China Seas and the growing competition to acquire maritime security technology, the momentum of maritime rivalry has immensely escalated between the two states. Based on strategic maneuverability in maritime security, this paper evaluates the rising strategic ambiguity posed by China’s anti-access area-denial (A2/AD) system vis-à-vis the United States. It further illustrates U.S. All Domain Operation (ADO) and China’s rapid emergence as a maritime competitor in Asia. The evaluation demonstrates the repercussions of miscalculations and highlights that the perceived mutual rivalry has come to the point that both sides are muddling through the dynamics of misperception and security-dilemma scenario which has increased the likelihood of strategic miscalculations.
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