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Prospects for NEW WARS in the 21st Century
Guerrero Gonzalo,Sangjung Park,Hongje Cho J-INSTITUTE 2021 International Journal of Military Affairs Vol.6 No.3
Purpose: The purpose of this article is to carry out an analysis of the main presentations, ideas and classifica-tions of the new wars that have occurred during these first years of the 21st century, and what will be the nature, type and / or classification of the warlike conflagrations that they will have to happen in the coming years of this century, these conflicts are a sample of the level of evolution of political, strategic, economic, military, diplomatic and cultural thought in society. Method: This converges three research methods: 1)Qualitative research focusing on the research process 2)Literature research according to the characteristics of the purpose 3)Technical research on the level of knowledge achieved. It is a qualitative study that analyzes the way war progresses and the evolution of political-strategic thinking, and this approach allows us to visualize the future of warfare in the 21st century and how it will be used. Results: Humanity faces a revolution in strategic thinking, characterized by military actions that are displaced from their main and directing role in the course of the war, giving rise to different types of warfare planned with the common denominator of using integrated attacks, aimed at exploiting different sources of vulnerabilities, facilitating the exploitation of more and more non-military measures, including economic reprisals, propaganda, political subversion and the use of the media of social communication and mainly cyberspace, this being a real new form of warfare. Conclusion: The new wars of the 21st century are being presented with new multi-causal characteristics(violent, interactive nature and ideological foundation), another characteristic of these multidimensional conflicts is their way of waging war, the participation of new non-state actors, non-military third parties but with interests and active participation in war actions, facilitating the use of asymmetries, a mixture of all the old characteristics, im-ply new terms such as hybrid and fifth generation wars.
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Analysis of the NATIONAL MARITIME Strategy of Ecuador
Guerrero Gonzalo,Sangjung Park J-INSTITUTE 2021 International Journal of Terrorism & National Secu Vol.6 No.4
Purpose: This article is to analyze the maritime strategy of Ecuador from the perspective of national security theory. It also applies national security theory for academic support to Ecuador s maritime policy, providing a complete understanding and critical analysis of Ecuador s maritime strategy. Method: In this study, three methods were used to analyze and develop Ecuador s maritime strategy: realism, liberalism and constructivism. First, the realistic approach examines, analyzes, and interprets the relationship between past facts, present facts, and future assumptions in relation to Ecuador s maritime strategy. Second, the liberal approach is to establish the relationship, differences, and awareness of information on the national security and defense axes, including the nuclear issue. Third, the constructive approach reviews empirically in order to recognize the characteristics of Ecuador s maritime strategy. Results: The advantage of using national security theory is the ability to identify its causes and understand the intentions of actors in complex scenarios of Ecuador s national maritime strategy. It also proposes possible solutions and formulates measures to promote better implementation of national maritime and coastal policies. Therefore, this theoretical and practical study of scenario analysis will provide a link between academic support and national maritime strategies. Conclusion: Ecuador is a maritime country with the activities that people perform in marine space and the resources the sea provides. The results of this study are vital important to promote defense, growth and development for Ecuador s national maritime interests.
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Mycorrhizal Synthesis of Périgord Black Truffle ( Tuber melanosporum ) with Mexican Oak Spec
Guevara-Guerrero Gonzalo,Pacioni Giovanni,Leonardi Marco,Ocañas Fortunato Garza,Rigoberto Gaitán Hernández 한국미생물·생명공학회 2022 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.50 No.1
The Périgord black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) is an edible fungus and among the most expensive foods worldwide. It is the basis of a multimillion-dollar bio-business. Truffle farming does not exist in Mexico, and no formal studies have been conducted on its culture. This report describes the mycorrhizal synthesis (i.e., artificial union of fungus with host) of T. melanosporum with oak species native to Mexico (Quercus polymorpha, Q. fusiformis, and Q. canbyi). The mycorrhizal association was successful in Q. polymorpha and Q. fusiformis, as confirmed morphologically and using T. melanosporum molecular primers (ITSML/ ITS4LNG). The effect of the ectomycorrhizal fungus on host growth (stem diameter) was statistically significant. Illustrations of the study are presented.
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