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Efficient Hybrid Carrier Based Space Vector Modulation for a Cascaded Multilevel Inverter
Govindaraju, C.,Baskaran, K. The Korean Institute of Power Electronics 2010 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.10 No.3
This paper presents a novel hybrid carrier based space vector modulation for cascaded multilevel inverters. The proposed technique inherits the properties of carrier based space vector modulation and the fundamental frequency modulation strategy. The main characteristic of this modulation are the reduction of power loss, and improved harmonic performance. The carrier based space vector modulation algorithm is implemented with a TMS320F2407 digital signal processor. A Xilinx Complex Programmable Logic Device is used to develop the hybrid PWM control algorithm and it is integrated with a digital signal processor for hybrid carrier based space vector PWM generation. The inverter offers less weighted total harmonic distortion and it operates with equal electrostatic and electromagnetic stress among the power devices. The feasibility of the proposed technique is verified by spectral analysis, simulation, and experimental results.
Curcumin-Conjugated Gold Clusters for Bioimaging and Anticancer Applications
Govindaraju, Saravanan,Rengaraj, Arunkumar,Arivazhagan, Roshini,Huh, Yun-Suk,Yun, Kyusik American Chemical Society 2018 Bioconjugate chemistry Vol.29 No.2
<P>Curcumin-conjugated gold clusters (CUR-AuNCs) were synthesized using a “green” procedure and utilized as an anticancer and a bioimaging agent. Curcumin is a well-known anticancer agent, which forms a cluster when reacting with a gold precursor under mild alkali condition. A fluorescence spectroscopy analysis showed that the CUR-AuNCs emitted red fluorescence (650 nm) upon visible light (550) irradiation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the stretching and bending nature between the gold atoms and curcumin. Meanwhile, transmission electron microscopy analysis showed a cluster of approximately 1–3 nm with a uniform size. Time-resolved fluorescence analysis demonstrated that the red fluorescence was highly stable. Moreover, laser confocal imaging and atomic force microscopy analysis illustrated that a cluster was well distributed in the cell. This cluster exhibited less toxicity in the mortal cell line (COS-7) and high toxicity in the cervical cancer cell line (HeLa). The results demonstrated the conjugation of curcumin into the fluorescent gold cluster as a potential material for anticancer therapy and bioimaging applications.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/bcches/2018/bcches.2018.29.issue-2/acs.bioconjchem.7b00683/production/images/medium/bc-2017-00683j_0009.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/bc7b00683'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Govindaraju Muthuraman,Mohamed Ibrahim 한국공업화학회 2013 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.19 No.2
The transport of Cibacron Red FN-R anionic dye through a methylene chloride bulk liquid membrane (BLM) containing a tetra butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) as an excellent carrier was studied. The extracted dye simultaneously stripped into aqueous stripping solution. The basic fundamental parameters were determined. These include pH of the feed, nitric acid concentration in the strip solution,TBAB concentration in the membrane phase, initial dye concentration in the feed phase and rate of stirring. The transport efficiency of dye increased with increasing carrier concentration from 6.06±0.1x10-6 to 3.85±0.1x10-4 M. The transport study was highly selective for anionic dye and efficiency of transport was not affected by the presence of electrolytes such as sodium chloride and sodium sulphates in feed solution. The percentage of dye transported across the liquid membrane after 70 min, was 95±0.1%. When the optimum parameters were used for real textile dyeing effluent for recovery of dyes, the results were found to be satisfactory.
Analysis and Implementation of Multiphase Multilevel Hybrid Single Carrier Sinusoidal Modulation
Govindaraju, C.,Baskaran, K. The Korean Institute of Power Electronics 2010 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.10 No.4
This paper proposes a hybrid single carrier sinusoidal modulation suitable for multiphase multilevel inverters. Multiphase multilevel inverters are controlled by hybrid modulation to provide multiphase variable voltage and a variable frequency supply. The proposed modulation combines the benefits of fundamental frequency modulation and single carrier sinusoidal modulation (SC-SPWM) strategies. The main characteristics of hybrid modulation are a reduction in switching losses and improved harmonic performance. The proposed algorithm can be applied to cascaded multilevel inverter topologies. It has low computational complexity and it is suitable for hardware implementations. SC-SPWM and its base modulation design are implemented on a TMS320F2407 digital signal processor (DSP). A Complex Programmable Logic Device realizes the hybrid PWM algorithm and it is integrated with a DSP processor for hybrid SC-SPWM generation. The feasibility of this hybrid modulation is verified by spectral analysis, power loss analysis, simulation and experimental results.
Analysis and Implementation of Multiphase Multilevel Hybrid Single Carrier Sinusoidal Modulation
C. Govindaraju,K. Baskaran 전력전자학회 2010 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.10 No.4
This paper proposes a hybrid single carrier sinusoidal modulation suitable for multiphase multilevel inverters. Multiphase multilevel inverters are controlled by hybrid modulation to provide multiphase variable voltage and a variable frequency supply. The proposed modulation combines the benefits of fundamental frequency modulation and single carrier sinusoidal modulation (SC-SPWM) strategies. The main characteristics of hybrid modulation are a reduction in switching losses and improved harmonic performance. The proposed algorithm can be applied to cascaded multilevel inverter topologies. It has low computational complexity and it is suitable for hardware implementations. SC-SPWM and its base modulation design are implemented on a TMS320F2407 digital signal processor (DSP). A Complex Programmable Logic Device realizes the hybrid PWM algorithm and it is integrated with a DSP processor for hybrid SC-SPWM generation. The feasibility of this hybrid modulation is verified by spectral analysis, power loss analysis, simulation and experimental results.
Efficient Hybrid Carrier Based Space Vector Modulation for a Cascaded Multilevel Inverter
C. Govindaraju,K. Baskaran 전력전자학회 2010 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.10 No.3
This paper presents a novel hybrid carrier based space vector modulation for cascaded multilevel inverters. The proposed technique inherits the properties of carrier based space vector modulation and the fundamental frequency modulation strategy. The main characteristic of this modulation are the reduction of power loss, and improved harmonic performance. The carrier based space vector modulation algorithm is implemented with a TMS320F2407 digital signal processor. A Xilinx Complex Programmable Logic Device is used to develop the hybrid PWM control algorithm and it is integrated with a digital signal processor for hybrid carrier based space vector PWM generation. The inverter offers less weighted total harmonic distortion and it operates with equal electrostatic and electromagnetic stress among the power devices. The feasibility of the proposed technique is verified by spectral analysis, simulation, and experimental results.