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Risk Factors for Buruli Ulcer: A Case Control Study in Cameroon
Pouillot, Ré,gis,Matias, Gonç,alo,Wondje, Christelle Mbondji,Portaels, Franç,oise,Valin, Nadia,Ngos, Franç,ois,Njikap, Adelaï,de,Marsollier, Laurent,Fontanet, Arnaud,Eyango Public Library of Science 2007 PLoS neglected tropical diseases Vol.1 No.3
<▼1><P><B>Background</B></P><P>Buruli ulcer is an infectious disease involving the skin, caused by <I>Mycobacterium ulcerans</I>. This disease is associated with areas where the water is slow-flowing or stagnant. However, the exact mechanism of transmission of the bacillus and the development of the disease through human activities is unknown.</P><P><B>Methodology/Principal Findings</B></P><P>A case-control study to identify Buruli ulcer risk factors in Cameroon compared case-patients with community-matched controls on one hand and family-matched controls on the other hand. Risk factors identified by the community-matched study (including 163 pairs) were: having a low level of education, swamp wading, wearing short, lower-body clothing while farming, living near a cocoa plantation or woods, using adhesive bandages when hurt, and using mosquito coils. Protective factors were: using bed nets, washing clothes, and using leaves as traditional treatment or rubbing alcohol when hurt. The family-matched study (including 118 pairs) corroborated the significance of education level, use of bed nets, and treatment with leaves.</P><P><B>Conclusions/Significance</B></P><P>Covering limbs during farming activities is confirmed as a protective factor guarding against Buruli ulcer disease, but newly identified factors including wound treatment and use of bed nets may provide new insight into the unknown mode of transmission of <I>M. ulcerans</I> or the development of the disease.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author Summary</B></P><P>Buruli ulcer (BU) is a neglected tropical infectious disease caused by <I>Mycobacterium ulcerans</I>. While BU is associated with areas where the water is slow-flowing or stagnant, the exact mechanism of transmission of the bacillus is unknown, impairing efficient control programs. Two hypotheses are proposed in the literature: previous trauma at the lesion site, and transmission through aquatic insect bites. Using results from a face-to-face questionnaire, our study compared characteristics from Cameroonian patients with Buruli ulcer to people without Buruli ulcer. This latter group of people was chosen within the community or within the family of case patients. The statistical analysis confirmed some well-known factors associated with the presence of BU, such as wearing short lower-body clothing while farming, but it showed that the use of bed nets and the treatment of wounds with leaves is less frequent in case patients. These newly identified factors may provide new insight into the mode of transmission of <I>M. ulcerans</I>. The implication of domestic or peridomestic insects, suggested by the influence of the use of bed nets, should be confirmed in specific studies.</P></▼2>
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Oil-based cyclo-oligosaccharide nanodevices for drug encapsulation
Noro, Jennifer,Loureiro, Ana,Gonç,alves, Filipa,Azoia, Nuno G.,Jung, Seunho,Silva, Carla,Cavaco-Paulo, Artur Elsevier 2017 Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces Vol.159 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>New encapsulation nanodevices were synthesized by emulsification of cyclo-oligosaccharides fully substituted by hydrophobic palmitic chains. These highly hydrophobic compounds, acquire oily-like behaviour at moderate temperatures (∼50°C) and when submitted to ultrasound (US) can undergo emulsification. The improved emulsifying properties of modified cyclo-oligosaccharides are suitable to produce small and narrow sized nanoemulsions with ability to encapsulate amphiphilic molecules. Both encapsulation and delivery of a therapeutic drug, methotrexate (MTX), with amphiphilic character was assessed. The physicochemical properties of the cyclo-oligosaccharide nanoemulsions containing MTX were investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The results revealed that the modified cyclo-oligosaccharides are potential platforms for the encapsulation of bio compounds for cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> New cyclo-oligosaccharide-palmitoyl compounds with improved emulsifying properties. </LI> <LI> Cys-PAL-based nanoemulsions production via ultrasound-assisted methodology. </LI> <LI> Narrow sized, monodisperse and nontoxic nanoemulsions for drugs encapsulation. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
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Rocha, Cristina M.R.,Sousa, Ana M.M.,Kim, Jang K.,Magalhã,es, Jú,lia M.C.S.,Yarish, Charles,Gonç,alves, Maria do Pilar Elsevier 2019 Food hydrocolloids Vol.89 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P> <I>Gracilaria tikvahiae</I>, an endemic western North Atlantic red alga, was cultivated for nutrient bioextraction in urbanized estuarine waters in Long Island Sound and the Bronx River Estuary, USA. This study assesses the feasibility of an integrated approach of using <I>G. tikvahiae</I> produced in this bioextraction system as sustainable biomass source for agar production. Agars were extracted after alkaline pre-treatment and characterized in terms of gelling strength, chemical composition, chemical structure and gel structure. Results indicated that this seaweed performed similar to other cultivated <I>Gracilaria</I> in terms of extraction yield and gelling strength of the agar. Differences between sites were not significant in terms of agar gel strength, though yield was higher at Long Island Sound. The extracted agars were sulfated, methylated and with no detectable pyruvate substituents. It is possible to use an integrated strategy of nutrient bioextraction in urbanized estuarine waters and agar exploitation with <I>G. tikvahiae</I>.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Agar was successfully extracted from <I>G. tikvahiae</I> used in the nutrient bioextraction systems in urbanized coastal waters. </LI> <LI> Extracted agar performance was similar to other <I>Gracilaria</I> agars. </LI> <LI> There were no significant differences in the gelling strength between the two cultivation sites. </LI> <LI> NMR profile and gel structure of the extracted agars was analyzed. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
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