Justice et Traduction au sein de L'Union Europeenne : Le role des Acteurs et L'Impact sur Ie Monde 통번역사의 역할과 외부에 미치는 영향

de Ia Fuente, Elena 한국국제회의통역학회 2003 통역과 번역 Vol.5 No.1

2004년에 회원국이 24개국으로 확대되면 유럽연합은 정치, 경제, 문화, 언어적 인 측면에서 상당한 위치를 차지하게 될 것이다. 새롭게 유럽연합의 시민이 되는 수백만 명의 사람들이 역내에서 자유롭게 이동하고 자신이 원하는 국가에서 체류하거나 일할 수 있도록 초국가적인 법제도가 마련되어야 한다. 입법가들은 유럽통합을 이루고 사법과 관련 당사자(판검사, 경찰, 법정통역사)를 위한 제도적 장치를 구상하기 위해 고심해왔다. 재판언어를 모르는 피고가 공정한 재판을 받고 능력 있는 통번역사의 도움을 받는 것은 인간의 기본권에 해당하는 것이다. 이 기본권은 인권에 관한 유럽협정을 비롯하여 많은 국제조약에서 인정하는 것이다. 사법당국과 피고 사이에서 통번역 업무를 담당하는 통번역사의 자격, 실력 및 직업윤리는 기본권 행사에 막대한 영향을 미친다. 기소사항을 전달하고 절차를 이해시키는 당사자는 바로 통번역을 맡는 중개자들이다. 지난 몇 년 동안 유럽집행위원회는 회원국 전체에 적용시킬 수 있는 규정을 수립하기 위한 연구 및 프로젝트를 수행해왔다. 그 중에서 그로티우스 1과 그로티우스 2는 여러 회원국과 교육기관, FIT(국제번역사연맹) 법정통번역 위원회가 참여했으며 특히 주목받을 만하다. 본 프로그램은 법정통번역사 선발, 양성, 자문기준을 비롯하여 직업윤리와 모범관행 등을 제시했다. 브뤼셀에서 열릴 예정인 공청회 결과를 바탕으로 각 회원국에 적용될 법제도를 결정하게 될 것이다. 유럽연합의 각 기구에서 법정통번역사의 역할에 대해 정확한 평가가 이루어졌다. 앞으로 남은 과제는 회원국이 법정통번역사의 선발, 양성, 자격검증, 직업윤리와 관련하여 유럽연합 차원의 결정사항들을 어떻게 적용하는 가에 달려 있다. 어떤 결정사항이든 국경을 초월하여 영향을 미치리라는 것은 분명하다. 지난 수년동안 비판받아온 현재 선발 방식을 바뀌게 할 것이다. 뿐만 아니라 여러 차례 지적되었음에도 불구하고 교육기관에서 지금까지 간과해온 법정통번역사 양성 프로그램을 제대로 시행할 수 있는 기회가 되기도 할 것이다. L˝elargissement prochain de l´Union Europ´eenne a` 25 pays en 2004 est d´une importance extraordinaire sur tous les plans, aussi bien politique, economique que culturel et linguistique. Une l´egislation supranationale s´imposera a` ces millions de nouveaux citoyens europ´eens qui seront libres de circuler dans l´espace europ´een, mais aussi de s´instller dans l´Etat membre de leur choix pour y vivre et/ou travailler. Le souci des l´e gislateurs a ´et´e de prot´eger cette int´egration et de cr´eer des instruments juridiques n´ecessaires a` la justice et a` ses acteurs: les magistrats, les juges, la police, les traducteurs/interpre`tes judiciaires et, entre autres, les justiciables. L´acce`s a` un proce`s ´equitable et l´acce`s a` un traducteur et a` un interpre`te comp´etents_ pour toute personne mise en cause ne palant pas ou ne comprenant pas la langue de la proc´edure, rel`vent du droit de l´homme et, par cons´equent, chacun d´eux constitue un droit fondamental. Ce droit fondamental est reconnu par plusieurs instruments notamments notamment la Convention europ´eenne des droits de l´homme. Or, l´exercice de ce droit d´epend ´etroitement de la qualification, de la compe´tence et me^me de la de´ontologie de celui qui devra ve´hiculer la communication orale et/ou e´crite entre le justiciable et l´appareil judiciaire. C´est sur cet interme´diaire que pe`se le poids de la transmission de l´information des accusations et de la compre´hension de la proce´dure. La Commission europe´ennes kdans des projets ou des programmes visant a` l´e´tablissement des normes applicables en la matie´re a` tous les Etas membres. Deux programmes en particulier ont e´te´ de´veloppe´s: Grotius Ⅰ et Grotius Ⅱ avec la participation d´un grand nombre d´Etats membres, d´institutions de formation et du Comite´ FIT pour la traduction et l´interpre´tation judiciaires. Des crite`res de se´lection, de formation et de conseil des experts traducteurs-interpre`tesont e´te´ propose´s, ainsi que des codes de de´ontologie et de bonnes pratiques,etc. Des de´cisions seront prises a` l´issue d´un de´bat publique qui aura lieu a` Bruxelles, un pre´alable a´ la le´gislation qui devrait e^tre applique´e par l´appareil judiciaire de chaque Etat membre. Le ro^le des interpre`tes et des traducteurs judiciaires a e´te´ bien e´value´ par les institutions europe´ennes. Il est inde´niable, cependant, que tout de´pendra maintenant de la manie`re dont chaque Eta membre appliquera les de´cisions europe´ennes en matie`re de recrutement, de formation, de compe´tence et, entre autres, de de´ontologie des traducteurs et des interpre`tes judiciaires. Il n´est pasmoins inde´niable que l´impact de ces de´cisions de´passe largement les frontie`res europe´ennes: elles devraient servir a` chaque pays du monde a`faire changer les modalite´s actuelles de recrutement observe´es et critique´es depuis des anne´es. Mais elles devrait e´galement servir a` mettre en œuvre des programmes de formation des traducteurs et interpre`tes judiciaires que les institutions formatrices ont laisse´s a` l´abandon malgre´ les appels re´pe´te´s a` la prise de conscience de cette lacune injustifiable.

LA QUESTION DES MIGRATIONS EN EUROPE COMME DEFI POUR L’ETHIQUE CHRETIENNE

Soeur Genevi?ve M?devielle 한국가톨릭신학학회 2010 가톨릭신학 Vol.16 No.-

L’hospitalit? et le soutien des Eglises et des chr?tiens aux migrants obligent l’observateur ? reconna?tre l’impact pratique et ?thique de la foi dans les pratiques sociales. En mati?re de droits du migrant, il y a des valeurs qui ne se laissent pas r?duire au r?sultat arithm?tique d’un vote d?mocratique ni aux exigences d’une politique de s?curit? et de fermeture parce qu’il en va de la v?racit? de la confession de foi. Mais si les chr?tiens ne sont pas sans ressources pour affronter ?thiquement la question des migrations, la plupart du temps exclusivement politis?e, nous devons le constater, il n’existe pas ? une ? ?thique chr?tienne des migrations. L’article vise alors ? comprendre pourquoi et jusqu’o? peut aller ce pluralisme ?thique que nous notons dans nos communaut?s chr?tiennes lorsque nous abordons la question de l’accueil du migrant sachant que tout jugement ?thique sur la situation est un acte herm?neutique complexe. A partir du cas fran?ais, l’article expose les raisons du pluralisme et de la complexit? du jugement ?thique. Pluralit?s des motivations m?mes : tradition de mobilit? d’Isra?l, souvenir du statut d’?tranger, citoyen de la patrie des voyageurs, fr?re en responsabilit? de son fr?re… Pluralit? des mani?res de faire jouer les motivations chr?tiennes au coeur de notre syst?me ?thique : ?thique autonome, de la foi, et de la communaut? d’appartenance. Mais si les motivations sont vari?es, l’auteur insiste sur le fait qu’un point n’est pas n?gociable au plan de la foi : le respect inconditionnel de la dignit? de tout ?tre humain. La R?v?lation nous livre en effet cette id?e-force que l’humanit?, dans toute sa diversit? et ses infirmit?s morales, n’en n’est pas moins dot?e d’une dignit? inali?nable, celle de fils et fille de Dieu. C’est cette conviction centrale qui peut ?tre le test de l’?thicit? d’une morale chr?tienne des migrations.

Can silver diamine fluoride or silver nanoparticle-based anticaries agents to affect enamel bond strength?

Favaro Jaqueline Costa,de Mello Peixoto Yana Cosendey Toledo,Geha Omar,Dias Flaviana Alves,Guiraldo Ricardo Danil,Lopes Murilo Baena,Berger Sandrine Bittencourt 대한치과보존학회 2021 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.46 No.1

Objectives: The aim of the current study is to investigate the effect of different anticaries agents, such as experimental agents based on silver nanoparticles (SNPs) and silver diamine fluoride (SDF), on the micro-shear bond strength (μ-SBS) of composite resin applied to intact enamel (IE) or demineralized enamel (DE). Materials and Methods: Sixty dental enamel fragments were collected from human third molars and categorized into 6 groups (n = 10): positive control (IE), negative control (DE), IE + SDF, DE + SDF, IE + SNP and DE + SNP. Samples from DE, DE + SDF and DE + SNP groups were subjected to pH cycling; superficial microhardness test was performed to confirm demineralization. Resin composite build-ups were applied to the samples (0.75-mm diameter and 1-mm height) after the treatments (except for IE and DE groups); μ-SBS was also evaluated. Samples were analyzed under a stereomicroscope at 40× magnification to identify failure patterns. Data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance, followed by Tukey's and Dunnett's tests (p < 0.05). Results: There was no significant difference among the IE, IE + SNP, DE + SDF, and DE + SNP groups. The IE + SDF and DE groups recorded the highest and the lowest μ-SBS values, respectively. Adhesive-type failures were the most frequent for all treatments. Conclusions: Anticaries agents did not have a negative effect on the μ-SBS of composite resin when it was used on IE or DE.

Effect of Graded Levels of Tallow in the Diet on Performance, Digestibility of Fat, Lipogenesis and Body Lipid Deposition of the Weaned Piglet

Reis de Souza, T.C.,Aumaitre, A.,Mourot, J.,Peiniau, J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2000 Animal Bioscience Vol.13 No.4

Thirty piglets weaned at 24.5 d of age ($6.9{\pm}0.5kg$) randomly alloted to 3 treatments were used to investigate the effect of dietary tallow on average performance, digestibility of nutrients, metabolic utilization of energy and body composition at 25 kg. Weaned piglets respond to increasing levels of dietary tallow from 0 to 4% and 8% by digestive and metabolic adaptation. Apparent fecal digestibility of fat (AFDf) was highly correlated with the level of dietary tallow (X as % of fat extracted after HCl hydrolysis) by the following curvilinear equation of regression: $AFDf=33.8+6.9X-0.3X^2$. Feed intake expressed as DE was only significantly increased at the higher inclusion level of tallow. But neither average daily gain, nor feed conversion was affected by the addition of fat. On the other hand, body composition at 25 kg was equally affected, by both levels of supplementary fat; dry matter and energy content in the body were significantly higher (p<0.01) in piglets receiving tallow. As a consequence, the energy cost of the live weight gain was also increased from 23 to 24.7 MJ DE/kg (p<0.02) and the efficiency of energy deposition was decreased from 3.2 to 2.8 MJ DE/MJ deposited energy (p<0.01) in the presence of dietary tallow. An increase in the level of fat stimulated the activity of pancreatic lipase up to a constant value of $22{\pm}1.4IU/mg$ protein but conversely depressed the activity of amylase from 300 to 100 IU/mg of protein. The activity of liver acetyl CoA carboxylase and malic enzyme in the perirenal fat were low lind not affected by dietary fat; the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was high. Opposite to that, the activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase and malic enzyme in the perirenal and backfat were higher than in the liver and both were significantly reduced by the inclusion of fat in the diet. A direct deposition of dietary fat has been demonstrated by increasing the energy and lipid content of the empty body weight gain between 7 and 25 kg of live weight, and decreasing the efficiency of digestible energy utilization.

Dual-Energy CT Angiography Improves Accuracy of Spot Sign for Predicting Hematoma Expansion in Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Michaël T.J. Peeters,Kim J.D. de Kort,Rik Houben,Wouter J.P. Henneman,Robert J. van Oostenbrugge,Julie Staals,Alida A. Postma 대한뇌졸중학회 2021 Journal of stroke Vol.23 No.1

Background and Purpose: Spot sign (SS) on computed tomography angiography (CTA) is associated with hematoma expansion (HE) and poor outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, its predictive performance varies across studies, possibly because differentiating hyperdense hemorrhage from contrast media is difficult. We investigated whether dual-energy-CTA (DE-CTA),which can separate hemorrhage from iodinated contrast, improves the diagnostic accuracy of SS for predicting HE. Methods: Primary ICH patients undergoing DE-CTA (both arterial as well as delayed venous phase) and follow-up computed tomography were prospectively included between 2014 and 2019. SS was assessed on both arterial and delayed phase images of the different DE-CTA datasets, i.e., conventional-like mixed images, iodine images, and fusion images. Diagnostic accuracy of SS for prediction of HE was determined on all datasets. The association between SS and HE, and between SS and poor outcome (modified Rankin Scale at 3 months ≥3) was assessed with multivariable logistic regression, using the dataset with highest diagnostic accuracy. Results: Of 139 included patients, 47 showed HE (33.8%). Sensitivity of SS for HE was 32% (accuracy 0.72) on conventional-like mixed arterial images which increased to 76% (accuracy 0.80) on delayed fusion images. Presence of SS on delayed fusion images was independently associated with HE (odds ratio [OR], 17.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.14 to 49.82) and poor outcome (OR, 3.84;95% CI, 1.16 to 12.73). Conclusions: Presence of SS on DE-CTA, in particular on delayed phase fusion images, demonstrates higher diagnostic performance in predicting HE compared to conventional-like mixed imaging, and it is associated with poor outcome.

에밀 졸라의 “Le ventra de paris”에 나타난 물질과 신화연구

Boulesteix, Fre>de>ric 한국외국어대학교 1997 한국외국어대학교 논문집 Vol.30 No.1

DIFFUSION OF MAGNETIC FIELD AND REMOVAL OF MAGNETIC FLUX FROM CLOUDS VIA TURBULENT RECONNECTION

Santos-Lima, R.,Lazarian, A.,de Gouveia Dal Pino, E. M.,Cho, J. IOP Publishing 2010 The Astrophysical journal Vol.714 No.1

<P>The diffusion of astrophysical magnetic fields in conducting fluids in the presence of turbulence depends on whether magnetic fields can change their topology via reconnection in highly conducting media. Recent progress in understanding fast magnetic reconnection in the presence of turbulence reassures that the magnetic field behavior in computer simulations and turbulent astrophysical environments is similar, as far as magnetic reconnection is concerned. This makes it meaningful to perform MHD simulations of turbulent flows in order to understand the diffusion of magnetic field in astrophysical environments. Our studies of magnetic field diffusion in turbulent medium reveal interesting new phenomena. First of all, our three-dimensional MHD simulations initiated with anti-correlating magnetic field and gaseous density exhibit at later times a de-correlation of the magnetic field and density, which corresponds well to the observations of the interstellar media. While earlier studies stressed the role of either ambipolar diffusion or time-dependent turbulent fluctuations for de-correlating magnetic field and density, we get the effect of permanent de-correlation with one fluid code, i.e., without invoking ambipolar diffusion. In addition, in the presence of gravity and turbulence, our three-dimensional simulations show the decrease of the magnetic flux-to-mass ratio as the gaseous density at the center of the gravitational potential increases. We observe this effect both in the situations when we start with equilibrium distributions of gas and magnetic field and when we follow the evolution of collapsing dynamically unstable configurations. Thus, the process of turbulent magnetic field removal should be applicable both to quasi-static subcritical molecular clouds and cores and violently collapsing supercritical entities. The increase of the gravitational potential as well as the magnetization of the gas increases the segregation of the mass and magnetic flux in the saturated final state of the simulations, supporting the notion that the reconnection-enabled diffusivity relaxes the magnetic field + gas system in the gravitational field to its minimal energy state. This effect is expected to play an important role in star formation, from its initial stages of concentrating interstellar gas to the final stages of the accretion to the forming protostar. In addition, we benchmark our codes by studying the heat transfer in magnetized compressible fluids and confirm the high rates of turbulent advection of heat obtained in an earlier study.</P>

Does ultraviolet radiation affect the xanthophyll cycle in marine phytoplankton?

Van De Poll, Willem Hendrik,Buma, Anita Gerry Johanna Korean Society of Photoscience 2009 Photochemical & photobiological sciences Vol.8 No.9

This Perspective summarizes the state of knowledge of the impact of ultraviolet radiation on the photoprotective xanthophyll cycle in marine phytoplankton. Excess photosynthetically active radiation (PAR; 400-700 nm) and ultraviolet radiation (UVR; 280-400 nm) affect various cellular processes and can potentially lead to reduced growth or viability loss in situ. Algae deploy photoprotective mechanisms that limit the hazardous effects of excess light exposure. Xanthophyll cycle pigments play a crucial role in photoprotection via the development of non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (NPQ) during excess radiation exposure. Research on the interacting effects of excess PAR and UVR exposure on xanthophyll cycle pigment synthesis and xanthophyll cycle activity has produced contrasting views. The current contribution summarizes research on photoprotection via photoregulation (xanthophyll cycle activity) and photoacclimation (adjustment of the xanthophyll cycle pigment pool) for marine phytoplankton. Subsequently, UVR effects on the xanthophyll cycle and on xanthophyll cycle pigment pools are discussed and results of supporting experiments with the common diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii are presented. We show that UVR exposure may enhance xanthophyll cycle pigment synthesis. This suggests that UVR-induced reduction in de-epoxidation state does not necessarily imply reduced energy dissipating potential.

피에르 로티(Pierre Loti)의 여행기에 나오는 한국에 관한 모티브, 주제, 이미지

Boulesteix, Fre>de>ric 한국외국어대학교 1994 한국외국어대학교 논문집 Vol.27 No.1

빛으로 가드한 밝은 아침

Boulesteix, Fre>de>ric 한국외국어대학교 1995 한국외국어대학교 논문집 Vol.28 No.1