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Abolfazl Fazaeli,Aliakbar Ekrami,Amir Hossein Kokabi 대한금속·재료학회 2016 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.22 No.5
In this research, production of ferrite - martensite dualphase Steels with different martensite morphology was considered during transient liquid phase bonding of a low carbon steel. The steel was bonded using an iron base interlayer with melting point of 1443 K and 40 μm thickness. Bonding process carried out at 1473 K, under pressure of 0.5MPa, at different holding time of 10, 20, 30 and 40 minutes. Microstructural studies of joint region showed that isothermal solidification completed at the bonding time of 40 minutes. Microstructure of joints made at the bonding time of 10, 20, and 30 minutes consists of two distinct region, athermal and isothermal solidified zones. Microstructure of these zones was studied and chemical composition of these zones was determined by EDS. Joints made with bonding time of 40 minutes were homogenized at 1008 K and then cooled into cold water to produce dual phase ferrite and martensite microstructure with different martensite morphology. According to shear test results, it was found that the shear strength of ferrite - fibrous martensite microstructure is greater than those with ferrite - continuous martensite and ferrite - blocky martensite microstructure.
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Prevalence and Determinants of Catastrophic Healthcare Expenditures in Iran From 2013 to 2019
mousavi Abdoreza,lotfi Farhad,Alipour Samira,Fazaeli Aliakbar,Bayati Mohsen 대한예방의학회 2024 예방의학회지 Vol.57 No.1
Objectives: Protecting people against financial hardship caused by illness stands as a fundamental obligation within healthcare systems and constitutes a pivotal component in achieving universal health coverage. The objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence and determinants of catastrophic health expenditures (CHE) in Iran, over the period of 2013 to 2019.Methods: Data were obtained from 7 annual national surveys conducted between 2013 and 2019 on the income and expenditures of Iranian households. The prevalence of CHE was determined using a threshold of 40% of household capacity to pay for healthcare. A binary logistic regression model was used to identify the determinants influencing CHE.Results: The prevalence of CHE increased from 3.60% in 2013 to 3.95% in 2019. In all the years analyzed, the extent of CHE occurrence among rural populations exceeded that of urban populations. Living in an urban area, having a higher wealth index, possessing health insurance coverage, and having employed family members, an employed household head, and a literate household head are all associated with a reduced likelihood of CHE (<i>p</i><0.05). Conversely, the use of dental, outpatient, and inpatient care, and the presence of elderly members in the household, are associated with an increased probability of facing CHE (<i>p</i><0.05).Conclusions: Throughout the study period, CHE consistently exceeded the 1% threshold designated in the national development plan. Continuous monitoring of CHE and its determinants at both household and health system levels is essential for the implementation of effective strategies aimed at enhancing financial protection.
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