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On the origin of visible light activity in carbon-modified titania
Zabek, Przemyslaw,Eberl, Joachim,Kisch, Horst Korean Society of Photoscience 2009 Photochemical & photobiological sciences Vol.8 No.2
Characterization of a commercial carbon-modified titania visible light photocatalyst (VLP) reveals a quasi-Fermi level of -0.50 V at pH 7 and characteristic C1s binding energies of 284.8 eV and 286.3 eV as measured by XPS. Treatment with sodium hydroxide affords a soluble brown extract $SENS_{ex}$ exhibiting in the IR spectrum intense peaks at $1420\;cm^{-1}$ and $1580\;cm^{-1}$, tentatively assigned to an arylcarboxylate group. Both the residue and the solution $SENS_{ex}$ do not induce significant visible light mineralization of 4-chlorophenol. However, after heating them together in suspension, followed by calcination at $200^{\circ}C$ the resulting powder $VLP_{reas}$ exhibits the same quasi-Fermi level and C1s binding energies as the original VLP. Furthermore, within experimental error its visible light activity is identical with that of VLP. These results clearly indicate that, at least for VLP but probably also for other "carbon-doped" titania materials, an aromatic carbon compound and not substitutional or interstitial carbon is the origin of visible light activity.
Concepts for solution-processable OLED materials at Merck
Hayer, A.,Anemian, R.,Eberle, T.,Heun, S.,Ludemann, A.,Schulte, N.,Buchholz, H. The Korean Infomation Display Society 2011 Journal of information display Vol.12 No.1
Drastic performance increase and accelerated progress in organic light-emitting diodes from solutions are shown using solution-processable small molecules based on the core structures of vacuum-evaporable materials. Systematic modification of small-molecule materials toward better processability from solutions at identical electro-optical properties is shown. This is demonstrated to lead to a significant improvement in the device performance.
Type 3 regulatory T cells at the interface of symbiosis
Joo-Hong Park,Gérard Eberl 한국미생물학회 2018 The journal of microbiology Vol.56 No.3
The mammalian gastrointestinal tract accommodates trillions of bacteria, many of which provide beneficial effects to the host, including protection from pathogenic microorganisms and essential metabolites. However, the intestinal immune system needs to adapt to the constantly fluctuating microbial environment at mucosal surfaces in order to maintain homeostasis. In particular, the gut microbiota induces the differentiation of effector Th17 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) that express RORγt, the master regulator of antimicrobial type 3 immunity. RORγt+ Tregs constitute a major population of colonic Tregs that is distinct from thymusderived Tregs and require bacterial antigens for differentiation. The balance between Th17 cells and RORγt+ Tregs, that is, the tone of the local type 3 immune response, is regulated by the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid produced by the host. Furthermore, Th17 cells and RORγt+ Tregs regulate intestinal type 2 immune responses, explaining how bacteria block allergic reactions. Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the differentiation, regulation and function of RORγt+ (type 3) Tregs, and discuss the multiple equilibria that exist between effector T cells and Tregs, as well as between different types of immune responses, which are necessary to maintain homeostasis and health.
Concepts for solution-processable OLED materials at Merck
A. Hayer,R. Anémian,T. Eberle,S. Heun,A. Ludemann,N. Schulte,H. Buchholz 한국정보디스플레이학회 2011 Journal of information display Vol.12 No.1
Drastic performance increase and accelerated progress in organic light-emitting diodes from solutions are shown using solution-processable small molecules based on the core structures of vacuum-evaporable materials. Systematic modification of small-molecule materials toward better processability from solutions at identical electro-optical properties is shown. This is demonstrated to lead to a significant improvement in the device performance.
Lee, B.C.,Kim, M.S.,Pae, M.,Yamamoto, Y.,Eberle, D.,Shimada, T.,Kamei, N.,Park, H.S.,Sasorith, S.,Woo, J.,You, J.,Mosher, W.,Brady, Hugh J.M.,Shoelson, Steven E.,Lee, J. Cell Press 2016 Cell metabolism Vol.23 No.4
<P>Obesity-induced inflammation mediated by immune cells in adipose tissue appears to participate in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. We show that natural killer (NK) cells in adipose tissue play an important role. High-fat diet (HFD) increases NK cell numbers and the production of proinflammatory cytokines, notably TNF alpha, in epididymal, but not subcutaneous, fat depots. When NK cells were depleted either with neutralizing antibodies or genetic ablation in E4bp4(+/-) mice, obesity-induced insulin resistance improved in parallel with decreases in both adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) numbers, and ATM and adipose tissue inflammation. Conversely, expansion of NK cells following IL-15 administration or reconstitution of NK cells into E4bp4(-/-) mice increased both ATM numbers and adipose tissue inflammation and exacerbated HFD-induced insulin resistance. These results indicate that adipose NK cells control ATMs as an upstream regulator potentially by producing proinflammatory mediators, including TNF alpha, and thereby contribute to the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance.</P>
Schneider, Thomas,Schellenberg, Maja,Meyer, Stefan,Keller, Felix,Gehrig, Peter,Riedel, Kathrin,Lee, Youngsook,Eberl, Leo,Martinoia, Enrico WILEY-VCH Verlag 2009 Proteomics Vol.9 No.10
<P>Although the vacuole is the most important final store for toxic heavy metals like cadmium (Cd<SUP>2+</SUP>), our knowledge on how they are transported into the vacuole is still insufficient. It has been suggested that Cd<SUP>2+</SUP> can be transported as phytochelatin-Cd<SUP>2+</SUP> by an unknown ABC transporter or in exchange with protons by cation/proton exchanger (CAX) transporters. To unravel the contribution of vacuolar transporters to Cd<SUP>2+</SUP> detoxification, a quantitative proteomics approach was performed. Highly purified vacuoles were isolated from barley plants grown under minus, low (20 μM), and high (200 μM) Cd<SUP>2+ </SUP>conditions and protein levels of the obtained tonoplast samples were analyzed using isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ™). Although 56 vacuolar transporter proteins were identified, only a few were differentially expressed. Under low-Cd<SUP>2+</SUP> conditions, an inorganic pyrophosphatase and a γ-tonoplast intrinsic protein (γ-TIP) were up-regulated, indicating changes in energization and water fluxes. In addition, the protein ratio of a CAX1a and a natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP), responsible for vacuolar Fe<SUP>2+</SUP> export was increased. CAX1a might play a role in vacuolar Cd<SUP>2+</SUP> transport. An increase in NRAMP activity leads to a higher cytosolic Fe<SUP>2+</SUP> concentration, which may prevent the exchange of Fe<SUP>2+</SUP> by toxic Cd<SUP>2+</SUP>. Additionally, an ABC transporter homolog to AtMRP3 showed up-regulation. Under high Cd<SUP>2+</SUP> conditions, the plant response was more specific. Only a protein homologous to AtMRP3 that showed already a response under low Cd<SUP>2+</SUP> conditions, was up-regulated. Interestingly, AtMRP3 is able to partially rescue a Cd<SUP>2+</SUP>-sensitive yeast mutant. The identified transporters are good candidates for further investigation of their roles in Cd<SUP>2+</SUP> detoxification.</P>