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Alkenone production in the East Sea/Japan Sea
Lee, K.E.,Lee, S.,Park, Y.,Lee, H.J.,Harada, N. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2014 Continental shelf research Vol.74 No.-
To test the applicability of alkenones as a proxy for past sea surface temperature (SST) in the East Sea (Japan Sea), this study investigated the season and depth of alkenone production in the area. Surface and subsurface seawater samples were collected from the East Sea during cruises carried out by the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute of Korea in 2008-2010. Surface samples were filtered for suspended material at two-month intervals. Subsurface samples were collected at water depths of 20, 50, 70 and 100m by CTD bottle casts at two stations, one a coastal station and the other an offshore station. The results of alkenone analysis show that the concentration of total C<SUB>37</SUB> alkenones was generally high in the surface mixed layer and decreased with depth, indicating that alkenones were most likely produced in or close to the surface mixed layer. Alkenone concentration varied seasonally: high in spring to fall and significantly reduced in winter. Comparisons of alkenone-based temperatures with in situ seawater temperatures show that alkenone temperatures measured from suspended particles in the surface waters were close to in situ SST in summer but were lower in winter. During winter, when alkenone production is significantly reduced, alkenones may be suspended for relatively long times and are likely to be advected from the north by eddies from Subpolar Front meanders. In summer when new production of alkenones increases, the settling velocity of alkenones appears to increase and residence time becomes shorter than in winter, suggesting that particles are less likely to be significantly advected at that time. Importantly, at the offshore station, coretop alkenone temperature corresponds to annual-averaged SST, while at the coastal station it corresponds to summer-to-fall averaged SST.
Sox2 contributes to tooth development via Wnt signaling
Lee, M. J.,Kim, E. J.,Otsu, K.,Harada, H.,Jung, H. S. Springer Science + Business Media 2016 Cell and tissue research Vol.365 No.1
<P>The transcription factor Sox2 is a stem cell marker that dictates cell lineage. It has been shown to mark the epithelial stem cells of the continuously growing mouse incisors. Sox2 also interferes with Wnt signaling by binding to beta-catenin, a central mediator of the Wnt pathway. We show that these functions of Sox2 are essential for mouse molar development. Sox2 has previously been shown to play a role in the formation of new teeth from the existing dental epithelium. To assess Sox2 function related to cell migration within a tooth, we monitored cell movement by using a DiI system and observed that DiI moves from molar 1 to molar 2 during tooth development. However, upon temporal knockdown of Sox2, DiI remains in the molar 1 region. This study also provides novel insights into the role of Sox2 and the important validation of Sox2 as a potent target in Wnt signaling during tooth development. Our data reveal that the degradation of Wnt signaling caused by the knockdown of Sox2 results in a lack of cell migration during tooth development.</P>
Sea surface temperature and salinity changes near the Soya Strait during the last 19 ka
Bae, S.W.,Lee, K.E.,Park, Y.,Kimoto, K.,Ikehara, K.,Harada, N. Pergamon Press 2014 Quaternary international Vol.344 No.-
Past sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS) changes in the northeastern East Sea/Japan Sea since 19 cal ka BP have been reconstructed by using an alkenone unsaturation index and the oxygen isotope ratio of planktonic foraminifera Neogloboquadrina pachyderma(s) in Core MR0604-PC03B. Coretop alkenone temperature and calcification temperature correspond to the temperature of seawater in summer and spring at the depth of 10-30 m, respectively. Based on the records from this core and previous studies, spatio-temporal changes in alkenone temperature of the East Sea/Japan Sea have been reconstructed to investigate changes of surface circulations and the subpolar front (SPF) position. During the transitional period from the glacial to the Holocene, the SST was lower (about 2-3 <SUP>o</SUP>C) than that of today and the SSS dramatically increased at that time in the entire East Sea/Japan Sea but it was still lower than that of today. However, the northern SSS was higher than that of the southern part. The source of the cold and saline seawater could have been the Oyashio Current (OY, inflow from the north), not the Tsushima Warm Current (TWC, inflow from the south). Probably, sea level rose rapidly at that time. There might be no strong development of the SPF during the transitional period due to the restricted inflow of the TWC. During the early Holocene, the SST and SSS of the East Sea/Japan Sea increased compared to the transitional period due to increased seawater exchange through straits. The SPF was tilted orienting from southwest to northeast because the inflow of the TWC was not fully developed due to lower sea level. Subsequently, the surface condition of the East Sea/Japan Sea was similar to that of today at 6 cal ka BP. The Forerunner of Soya Warm Water (FSWW) that flowed out through the Soya Strait in early spring did not affect the formation of the Okhotsk Sea Intermediate Water and the North Pacific Intermediate Water during the glacial and interglacial periods.