Fruit fly nutrition and proteomics

Chiou Ling Chang 한국응용곤충학회 2010 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2010 No.10

Fruit fly is one of the most important pests for vegetables and crops worldwide. Since 1895, four species of fruit flies has invaded into Hawaii. In 2000, a group of scientists from Hawaii has initiated and implemented an area wide pest management program to suppress fruit fly population in Hawaii. Six techniques developed within the program has been transferred to many countries that have the fruit fly problem. Four techniques (monitoring, sanitation, bait spray, and male annihilation) are readily done by farmers. The other two techniques (sterile insect release and augmentative parasitoid release) involve mass fruit fly stock. Sterile insect technique (SIT) used in sterile insect release requires continuous mass rearing. Current mass rearing system has been satisfactory for rearing need. However, there are problems such as pesticide contamination of supporting material, spent diet management, labor intensive, and space issue. USDA-Agricultural Research Service looked for alternatives. In 2004, a novel fruit fly liquid diet has been developed. The core of this diet is using an inert substance (sponge cloth) to replace biological supporting material for mill feed (wheat product). During this diet development process, we have observed that fruit fly performance changes associate with the change of diet components. One of the most significant components is wheat germ oil. Larval diet supplemented with wheat germ oil (WGO) causes physiological reactions, such as increased fecundity and fertility, in some insects. Although the impact of WGO on insect physiology is important, the mechanisms of these actions are poorly understood. In this presentation, we will confirm our hypothesis that the addition of WGO to medium developed for larval oriental fruit flies modulates gene expression in the corresponding adults and further to identify when and how these gene expressed during different life cycle stages. We separately reared larvae of Bactrocera dorsalis on diets lacking or supplemented with WGO, and analyzed for expressed proteins in the resulting adult males and females by 2D-electrophoresis. Analysis of the gels revealed significant changes in expression levels of >70 proteins, 64 of which were identified by mass spectrometric analysis on MALDI-TOF/TOF. Apparent changes in expression levels for 6 of these proteins were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR, showing that the changes in mRNA expression were reflected in changes in protein expression. These findings support the hypothesis that one mechanism of WGO actions in insect nutrition is the modulation of gene expression. Our goal is to identify molecular markers that serve as early indicators of the quality of insect culture media. Markers of deficient culture media will increase the efficiency of developing optimal systems for mass rearing beneficial insects and some pest species because decisions on culture media quality can be made without waiting through one or several life cycles.

A potential field suppression system for Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel

Chiou Ling Chang,Il Kyu Cho,Qing X. Li,Nicholas C. Manoukis,Roger I. Vargas 한국응용곤충학회 2013 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.16 No.4

Development of an effective and safe detection or control system is important for pestmanagement. Attractants for male fruit flies, e.g., methyl eugenol (ME), are currently being used in fruit fly control in combination with insecticides. A single formulation that possesses both attraction and killing properties would improve control methods and cost effectiveness. We previously observed the attraction of oriental fruit flies to a basil plant in a yard and confirmed the attraction ofmale fruit flies to basil oil (BO) in the laboratory. Subsequently,we identified insecticidal compounds fromBO that killed three species of tephritid fruit flies in the laboratory, and we also discovered physiological interactions between BO constituents and male attractants. Based on these observations,we developed a single package of basil oil and methyl eugenol (BO + ME) formulation that possesses “attract and kill” properties in combination with a modified AWPM standard trap for field application. The effectiveness of this system is dependent on the type of trap and weather conditions (sunny or not sunny). Any attracted flies were killed within 2 h after entering the BO + ME trap. The combination of BO,ME, and a clear bucket trapmay be a novel alternative for a cost effective and environmentally friendly fruit fly management system.

Comparative proteomic profiling within each developmental stage of the solanum fruit fly, Bactrocera latifrons Hendel

Chiou Ling Chang,Scott M. Geib 한국응용곤충학회 2018 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.21 No.4

Fruit fly development has been widely studied in details, understanding of “what”, “when”, “where”, “why”, and “how” many hundred thousand proteins exist in an insect cell interact and express during development at molecular level largely remained to be clarified. We conducted proteome mapping in all developmental stages of the solanum fruit fly, Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel), by comparing all ages within a stage to their 1-d-old, using 2-D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Samples of designated ages of each stage of B. latifrons were collected, analyzed, and described. A custom peptide database, derived from a publically available de novo B. latifrons transcriptome assembly was adopted for peptide identification. Identified differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and their putative protein functions were annotated in representative SDS gel images, charts, and tables. Based on our proteomic data, we constructed a preliminary and descriptive reference proteome maps which not only provide valuable information toward a comprehensive understanding of fruit fly development, but also build a foundation for development of novel advanced fruit fly control techniques or further studies related to sterilization insect technique (SIT) and genome deletion. Any epigenetic impacts due to abiotic or biotic environmental factors will be easier to be identified, manipulated, and further led to gene editing research.

Laboratory evaluation of the chemosterilant lufenuron against the fruit flies Ceratitis capitata, Bactrocera dorsalis, B. cucurbitae, and B. latifrons

Chiou Ling Chang,Il Kyu Cho,Qing X. Li 한국응용곤충학회 2012 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.15 No.1

Four species of tephritid fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata, Bactrocera dorsalis, B. cucurbitae, and B. latifrons were evaluated for toxic, developmental, and physiological responses to the chemosterilant lufenuron. No significant mortality of laboratory strains of the first three species was observed after their exposure up to 50 μg/mL of lufenuron in agar adult diet, whereas B. latifrons adults fed with 50 μg/mL of lufenuron in the diet caused significant mortality compared to the control. Fertility of C. capitata adults fed on 50 μg/mL lufenuronfortified diet between 7 and 12 days of age was approximately 46% of the no lufenuron control. Fertility of B. dorsalis and B. latifrons adults fed on 50 μg/mL lufenuron-incorporated diet was about 45% and 62% of the control, respectively. Lufenuron did not significantly affect fertility of B. cucurbitae adults. Lufenuron did not affect fecundity of C. capitata and B. dorsalis. Fecundity of B. cucurbitae and B. latifrons was not evaluated due to difficulty to count the eggs laid deep in the agar diet. Larvae fed on a liquid larval diet with ≤0.1 μg/mL of lufenuron were also evaluated. Pupal recovery, adult emergence, adult fliers, mating, egg hatch, and egg production of C. capitata were significantly decreased, while for B. dorsalis, pupal recovery, larval duration and adult emergence were affected. No effect of lufenuron on B. cucurbitae larvae was observed. B. latifrons was not performed because shortage of eggs at the time of this research. Lufenuron is a potential agent for management and control of C. capitata and B. dorsalis.

Proteomic interactions between the parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata and the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis during host parasitism

Chiou Ling Chang,Guang Hong Liang,Scott M. Geib 한국응용곤충학회 2018 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.21 No.1

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, is an important agricultural pest and biological control is one of themost effective control methodologies. We conducted an investigation on the molecular response of the fruit fly toparasitism by the larval parasitoid, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis andmass spectroscopy. We identified 285 differentially expressed protein spots (109 proteins) during parasitism. The molecular processes affected by parasitism varied at different time point during development. Transferrinand muscle specific protein 20 are the only two proteins differentially expressed that play a role in host immunity24 h after parasitism. Developmental and metabolic proteins from parasitoids (transferrin and enolase)were up-regulated to ensure establishment and early development of parasitoids 48 h post parasitism. 72 h afterparasitism, larval cuticle proteins, transferrin and CREG1 were overexpressed to support the survival of parasitoidswhile host metabolism proteins and parasitoid regulatory proteins were down-regulated. Host developmentslowed down while parasitoid development went up at 96 h after parasitism. All developmental, regulatory,structural, and metabolic proteins were expressed at their optimum at 120 h post parasitism. Hostdevelopment was reduced, metabolism and regulatory proteins were strongly involved in the activities. Thedevelopment deteriorated further at 144 h after parasitism. Enolase and CREG1 were indicators of parasitoidsurvival. Hexamerin and transferrin from the parasitoid was peaked at 168–216 h after parasitism, stronglyindicating that parasitoid would survive. This study represents the first report that reveals the molecular playersinvolved in the interaction between the host and parasitoid.

Proteomic identification of a potential sex biomarker for 2 fruit fly species at pupal stage

Chiou Ling Chang 한국응용곤충학회 2017 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.20 No.1

Fruit flies are one of the most destructive pests worldwide. The sterile insect technique (SIT) has been one of the most effective fruit fly control techniques. Genetic sexing strains have been developed to facilitate the separation ofmales and females based on color at the pupal stage for the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, andthemedfly, Ceratitis capitate, known as dorsalis translocation white pupae (DTWP) and temperature sensitive lethal mutation strain (TSL). In both cases, the females are white and the males are brown. By releasing only sterile males, the control efficiency was increased, and fruit damage due to sterile females reduced. There remains, however, a gap in our understanding of this phenomenon because there is no information on the physiological basis of the sex differences. Here, we report the outcome of a study designed to identify pupal proteins related to the sex differences using these two strains. We collected whole pupae of both species each day for first 10 days for protein analysis. Protein expression was analyzed by 2D electrophoresis, gel densitometry and mass spectrometry. The general odorant binding protein, OBP56d, was differentially expressed in white pupae versus brown pupae for both species. We also confirmed this result with phenotypical characteristics to prove these proteins were not derived from puparia. These proteins had molecular weights between 10 and 15 kDa and a pI of 6.73 for DTWP and 5.71 for TSL.

Dietary wheat germ oil and age influences fatty acid compositions in adult oriental fruit flies

Chiou Ling Chang,Eric Haas,Athena M.M. Mina,Josephione A. Bustamante,Danielle Schneider,Emma Mitchel,Morgan Freilich,David Stanley 한국응용곤충학회 2013 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.16 No.3

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a serious pest of fruit crops in Asia,several Pacific Islands and sometimes the western United States, particularly California. Sterile insect technique programs have been developed for management of several tephritid fruit fly pests. These programs are based on continuous production of adult fruit flies. The high expense of mass-rearing oriental fruit flies drives research to improve the cost effectiveness of rearing programs. One recent improvement for mass rearing oriental fruit flies involves adding wheat germ oil (WGO) to the larval culture medium, which improved several parameters of biological performance. The performance enhancing influence of WGO is due to the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), some of which are nutritionally essential for many insect species. We considered the issue of whether WGO supplementation of the larval culture medium influences the fatty acid make up of adult tissues. We report that WGO supplementation led to substantial increases in adult tissue C18 PUFAs. Unlike the outcomes of unrelated nutritional studies on moths, the PUFA components of WGO did not improve adult fruit fly performance. Taken with recent publications reporting that WGO in larval diets influences gene expression, we conclude that dietary WGO improves biological performance of adults through changes in tissue C18 PUFAs and gene expression.

Proteomics/qPCR protocol to estimate physical ages of wild male oriental fruit flies, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)

Chiou Ling Chang 한국응용곤충학회 2016 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.19 No.2

Laboratory reared fruit flies may have different behavioral phenotypes as compared to the wild in the field. The domesticated lab setting and the absence of factors from the natural environment on lab reared insects may result in different behavioral patterns, such as the length of life cycle. This study was performed to conduct a regression analysis of the ratio of odorant binding protein 99b (OBP99b) expression from 4 to 12-d-old oriental fruit fly males, relative to 1-d-old males to estimate the physical ages of wild male fruit flies. We established two polynomial linear regression equations based on 4–12 days old lab-reared flies using proteomics and qPCR. The equations are Y = −0.7768 + 0.7205X, R2 = 0.89 (for proteomics) and Y = −0.6478 + 0.344X, R2 = 0.64 (for qPCR). We used these equations to estimate the physical ages of wild-caught male fruit flies. These results indicate that despite multiple behavioral differences between laboratory reared and field-caught flies, the physical ages of both groups are identical.We suggest proteomics and qPCR analysis of selected genes and the proteins they encode may be developed into reliable tools for determining the ages of wild-caught animals, including oriental fruit flies.

Recent Advances in Fruit Fly Control Agents (초)

Il Kyu Cho,Chiou Ling Chang,Qing X. Li 한국환경농학회 2009 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2009 No.2

Photolysis of Lufenuron in Water under Sunlight and Artificial Lights

Il Kyu Cho,Chiou Ling Chang,Qing X. Li 한국농약과학회 2014 한국농약과학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2014 No.4