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Kim, J.Y.,Song, C.H.,Ghim, Y.S.,Won, J.G.,Yoon, S.C.,Carmichael, G.R.,Woo, J.-H. Elsevier 2006 Atmospheric environment Vol.40 No.12
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>In this study, the accuracy of NH<SUB>3</SUB> emissions in East Asia is evaluated by a comparison of measured and predicted NH<SUB>4</SUB>NO<SUB>3</SUB> concentrations. For the prediction of particulate NH<SUB>4</SUB>NO<SUB>3</SUB> concentrations, this study uses the USEPA Models-3/Community Multi-scale Air Quality (Models-3/CMAQ) model. The measurement data are collected from 4 ground-based stations (Beijing, Shanghai, Qingdao, and Kangwha) and ACE-ASIA C130 Flights #6, #7, and #10. The four ground-based stations and air flight tracks are located in and around the Yellow Sea in East Asia. According to the results, the predicted fine-mode NH<SUB>4</SUB><SUP>+</SUP>concentrations are 1.2–3.8 times overestimated compared to those measured on the mass basis, and fine-mode NO<SUB>3</SUB><SUP>−</SUP> concentrations are 1.9–7.6 times overestimated on the mass basis. It is also revealed in this study that aberrantly high predicted fine-mode NO<SUB>3</SUB><SUP>−</SUP> concentrations in East Asia can be attributed to the overestimated NH<SUB>3</SUB> emissions. The predicted gas-phase NH<SUB>3</SUB> concentrations and estimated NH<SUB>3</SUB> emissions are likely to be 1.2–3.8 times overestimated in East Asia on the mass basis. Therefore, it is recommended that approximately 20–75% reduced NH<SUB>3</SUB> emission fields should be used in future modeling studies for East Asia.</P>
Carbonaceous species in fine particles at the background sites in Korea between 1994 and 1999
Kim, Y.P.,Moon, K.-C.,Shim, S.-G.,Lee, J.H.,Kim, J.Y.,Fung, K.,Carmichael, G.R.,Song, C.H.,Kang, C.H.,Kim, H.-K.,Lee, C.G. 濟州大學校 基礎科學硏究所 2000 基礎科學硏究 Vol.13 No.1
Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in fine particles (PM_(2 5)) at tao background sites. Kosan and Kangwha in Korea were measured during intensive field studies between 1994 and 1999. Fine particles aere collected on pre-fired quartz filters in a low-volume sampler and analyzed using the selectire thermal oxidation method with MnO_(2) catalyzt. The OC and EC concentrations at Kosan located at western tip of Cheju Island in southern Korea are lower than those at Kangwha located at western coastal area in mid-Korean peninsula Still. the OC concentrations at Kosan are generally higher than those at other background areas in Japan and USA. The EC concentrations at Kosan are lower than or comparable to those at other background areas. The total carbon (TC, sum of OC and EC) to EC ratio values 2t both sites were higher than those at other background areas in Japan and USA. At Kosan. the OC and EC concentrations when air parcels were from southern China were higher than those when air parcels aere coming from northern China. However. at Kangwha. the differences aere statistically not clear since most air parcels were from northen China. Except when air parcels were from the North Pacific during summer, the OC and EC concentrations are well correlated indicating that both OC and EC share the same emission transport characteristics. From the gaseous hydrocarbon data and the OC and EC relationship. it was found that during summer local biogenic emissions of OC might be significant at Kosan.
Song, C.H.,Han, K.M.,Cho, H.J.,Kim, J.,Carmichael, G.R.,Kurata, G.,Thongboonchoo, N.,He, Z.,Kim, H.S. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier [distribution] 2007 Atmospheric environment Vol.41 No.39
In this work, we determine the major channels through which air pollutants, mainly originating in Northeast Asian mega-cities, flow out into the Northwestern Pacific atmosphere. For this purpose, comprehensive backward/forward trajectory analyses are conducted. Two important channels along which pollutants from the Northeast Asian mega-cities flow out are defined, and are labeled as ''DC8 transport path'' and ''P3B transport path''. We then comprehensively examine the chemico-microphysical transformations of the anthropogenic pollutants from the Northeast Asian mega-cities along the two major transport paths, using a new Lagrangian forward-trajectory photochemical model. In the newly developed model, state-of-the-science parameterizations for considering chemico-microphysical aging processes and atmospheric aerosol processes are incorporated. As air masses travel toward low latitudes through the marine boundary layer (MBL), the temperature increases along the trajectories and large amounts of PAN experience thermal decomposition. By this process, PAN can be an important supplier of NO<SUB>2</SUB> in the remote MBL. The O<SUB>3</SUB> productions in the remote Northwestern Pacific MBL are fueled and maintained by NO<SUB>x</SUB> provided from the PAN decomposition. High O<SUB>3</SUB> levels (>50ppb) are observed within the remote MBL of the Northwestern Pacific Oceans from several TRACE-P DC8 and P3B measurements under the continental outflow situations. Gas-phase SO<SUB>2</SUB> is continuously converted into nss-sulfate via heterogeneous oxidation reaction with H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> at a particle pH of 2-5. The Lagrangian-trajectory modeling studies also indicate that in the remote MBL of Northwestern Pacific Ocean under continental outflow situations, conditions are unfavorable for nucleation events, because of the depletion of SO<SUB>2</SUB>, the large aerosol surface areas available for H<SUB>2</SUB>SO<SUB>4</SUB> sink, and high temperatures.
Chung, C. E.,Ramanathan, V.,Carmichael, G.,Kulkarni, S.,Tang, Y.,Adhikary, B.,Leung, L. R.,Qian, Y. Copernicus GmbH 2010 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol.10 No.13
<P>Abstract. An estimate of monthly 3-D aerosol solar heating rates and surface solar fluxes in Asia from 2001 to 2004 is described here. This product stems from an Asian aerosol assimilation project, in which a) the PNNL regional model bounded by the NCEP reanalyses was used to provide meteorology, b) MODIS and AERONET data were integrated for aerosol observations, c) the Iowa aerosol/chemistry model STEM-2K1 used the PNNL meteorology and assimilated aerosol observations, and d) 3-D (X-Y-Z) aerosol simulations from the STEM-2K1 were used in the Scripps Monte-Carlo Aerosol Cloud Radiation (MACR) model to produce total and anthropogenic aerosol direct solar forcing for average cloudy skies. The MACR model and STEM-2K1 both used the PNNL model resolution of 0.45°×0.4° in the horizontal and of 23 layers in the troposphere. The 2001-2004 averaged anthropogenic all-sky aerosol forcing is −1.3 Wm−2 (TOA), +7.3 Wm−2 (atmosphere) and −8.6 Wm−2 (surface) averaged in Asia (60-138° E and Equator-45° N). In the absence of AERONET SSA assimilation, absorbing aerosol concentration (especially BC aerosol) is much smaller, giving −2.3 Wm−2 (TOA), +4.5 Wm−2 (atmosphere) and −6.8 Wm−2 (surface), averaged in Asia. In the vertical, monthly forcing is mainly concentrated below 600 hPa with maximum around 800 hPa. Seasonally, low-level forcing is far larger in dry season than in wet season in South Asia, whereas the wet season forcing exceeds the dry season forcing in East Asia. The anthropogenic forcing in the present study is similar to that in Chung et al. (2005) in overall magnitude but the former offers fine-scale features and simulated vertical profiles. The interannual variability of the computed anthropogenic forcing is significant and extremely large over major emission outflow areas. Given the interannual variability, the present study's estimate is within the implicated range of the 1999 INDOEX result. </P>
Aerosol composition at Cheju Island, Korea
Kim, Young,Kang, C.,Lee, Hogeun,Park, John K.,Hong, Min-Sun,Shim, Shang,Chen, Li-Ling,Carmichael, Gregory R.,Ueda, Hiromasa,Murano, Kentaro 濟州大學校 基礎科學硏究所 1997 基礎科學硏究 Vol.10 No.1
The seasonal variation in chemical composition of aerosols measured at Cheju Island, Korea, is presented and discussed. Daily tape filters have been obtained for the three year period analyzed, March 1992 through February 1995. The annual average non-sea-salt sulfate and citrate mass concentrations of aerosols measured at Cheju, are 7.2μg/㎥ and 1.2μg/㎥, respectively; while calcium and potassium are present in nearly equal amounts of ∼0.5μg/㎥, and ammonium averages 1.3μg/㎥. The annual mean mass ratios are ?? and ?? Each species is found to follow a seasonal cycle, with sulfate, citrate, ammonium, potassium, and calcium all showing higher values in the spring. In contrast, chlorine concentrations are 10% lower in the spring. Aerosol enrichment factors relative to the composition of seawater and crustal material from the dust-source regions in central China reveal that the aerosol measured at Cheju is enriched in sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium, but is deficient in chlorine (relative to seawater). The data from the daily tape filters are also compared with those from weekly Hi-Vol filters located at the same site and other measurements in the region.
New approach to monitor transboundary particulate pollution over Northeast Asia
Park, M. E.,Song, C. H.,Park, R. S.,Lee, J.,Kim, J.,Lee, S.,Woo, J.-H.,Carmichael, G. R.,Eck, T. F.,Holben, B. N.,Lee, S.-S.,Song, C. K.,Hong, Y. D. Copernicus GmbH 2014 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol.14 No.2
<P>Abstract. A new approach to more accurately monitor and evaluate transboundary particulate matter (PM) pollution is introduced based on aerosol optical products from Korea's Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI). The area studied is Northeast Asia (including eastern parts of China, the Korean peninsula and Japan), where GOCI has been monitoring since June 2010. The hourly multi-spectral aerosol optical data that were retrieved from GOCI sensor onboard geostationary satellite COMS (Communication, Ocean, and Meteorology Satellite) through the Yonsei aerosol retrieval algorithm were first presented and used in this study. The GOCI-retrieved aerosol optical data are integrated with estimated aerosol distributions from US EPA Models-3/CMAQ (Community Multi-scale Air Quality) v4.5.1 model simulations via data assimilation technique, thereby making the aerosol data spatially continuous and available even for cloud contamination cells. The assimilated aerosol optical data are utilized to provide quantitative estimates of transboundary PM pollution from China to the Korean peninsula and Japan. For the period of 1 April to 31 May, 2011 this analysis yields estimates that AOD as a proxy for PM2.5 or PM10 during long-range transport events increased by 117-265% compared to background average AOD (aerosol optical depth) at the four AERONET sites in Korea, and average AOD increases of 121% were found when averaged over the entire Korean peninsula. This paper demonstrates that the use of multi-spectral AOD retrievals from geostationary satellites can improve estimates of transboundary PM pollution. Such data will become more widely available later this decade when new sensors such as the GEMS (Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer) and GOCI-2 are scheduled to be launched. </P>