A Research on the Establishment of New Korea-Russia Bilateral Cooperation Law for the Sustainable Arctic Development

Kim, Bongchul World Association for Triple Helix and Future Stra 2020 Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia Vol.19 No.1

The Republic of Korea (Korea) and the Russian Federation (Russia) are actualizing the cooperation in the Arctic area. As a result, Korean companies have begun to enjoy real economic benefits. However, since there are some troublesome aspects associated with this cooperation, measures that can lead to sustainable development through the supplementation of relevant norms are critical. Russia is also aware of these problems in obtaining economic benefits in the future; cooperation between the two countries should be extended to sufficiently cover this point. The laws related to the region are vague and do not encompass every field. In addition, when it comes to national interests, many situations arise from areas where international and national laws are not clearly harmonized. Therefore, efforts should be made to reflect the interests of both sides and to maintain economic benefits, in case Korea participates in Russia's development of the area, as well as for the legal foundation to reduce negative issues. The Korea-Russia Free Trade Agreement (FTA) negotiation is on the track for the purpose. The two governments should consider various tasks, such as harmonizing with the former FTAs and dealing with the domestic law in accordance with the new FTA. The two countries also have to conduct researches on the efficient use of the FTA and for the 'Sustainable Arctic Development'.

International Development Assistance of Russia

Bongchul Kim 국제문화기술진흥원 2020 International Journal of Advanced Culture Technolo Vol.8 No.2

Russia has an interesting history as a donor, recipient and re-emerging donor in international development assistance (IDA). This article introduces the history, policy and challenges of Russian IDA, and provides suggestions for such challenges. The main barrier to Russian IDA is the absence of a central government agency and Russia can learn from other country’s experience. Concerning lack of data on the provision of assistance to each sector of IDA and the large number of recipient countries, Russia can learn from Korea particularly in education sector. With respect to building a system ensuring the efficiency of the Russian IDA works, a tool for analysis of the effect of the Russian IDA programmes may be drawn in consultation with international institutions or successful programmes of other donor countries.

Analysis of enhancing water flux and reducing reverse solute flux in pressure assisted forward osmosis process

Kim, Bongchul,Gwak, Gimun,Hong, Seungkwan Elsevier 2017 Desalination Vol.421 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Pressure assisted osmosis (PAO) has been recently suggested as a way to overcome the current limitations of forward osmosis (FO), since water flux can be increased by additional hydraulic driving force. To validate its feasibility more fundamentally, the effect of hydraulic pressure combined with osmotically driven FO process was evaluated experimentally, and compared with theoretical modeling. Four different FO and NF membranes were selected and their performance characteristics were determined by both RO- and FO-based methods, since PAO is a simultaneous osmotic- and pressure-driven membrane process. The degree of enhancing water flux and reducing reverse solute flux (RSF) in the PAO process clearly differed according to the membrane type and their performance parameters. Modeling PAO performance, using the values of A, B, and S determined from both RO- and FO-based methods, often failed to exactly match experimental observations, particularly for thin film composite (TFC) FO membranes, suggesting that PAO membrane performance parameters are apparently pressure-dependent. Discernible compaction in the support layer of TFC FO membranes was identified and confirmed by FO tests at different operating modes and SEM analysis, partially explaining large variations in S values under pressurized PAO operation and thus resulting large deviation from theoretical predictions.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> PAO membranes were characterized by RO- and FO-based protocols. </LI> <LI> PAO water flux was less than the sum of osmotic- and pressure-driven fluxes. </LI> <LI> RSF was significantly reduced due to dilutive ICP by additional water flux. </LI> <LI> PAO performance was not well modelled based on A, B, and S measured experimentally. </LI> <LI> Deviations from theoretical predictions were explained by support layer compaction. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Treaty of Rome: Legal Implication to the East Asian Regional Agreements

( Bongchul Kim ),( And Sunghwah Ko ) 한국EU학회 2021 Asia-Pacific Journal of EU Studies Vol.19 No.1

Treaty of Rome, which was created among the 6 EEC countries has a distinctive significance in history of EU. Charters, Articles, and protocols in this treaty provide the legal basis for the free movement of goods and services, the creation of Customs Union, the abolition of Quantitative Restriction, the cooperative policy in broad aspects, the creation of European Investment Bank, and the institutional devices which enable all. These innovative contents naturally had a crucial impact to other European treaties. Considering that Treaty of Rome was created in 1950, near to the demise of World War Ⅱ, it is plausible that it gives a remarkable impact to the development of the modern international law. Structures and language of Articles has been continuously repeated in many regional agreements. In terms of the fact that regional agreements operate as a structural model in international society, Treaty of Rome still has an implication to current circumstance. Therefore, Treaty of Rome could give a lesson to the East Asia. Regional integration in East Asia is not enhanced enough to EU, at least they agree on its necessity. Again, considering that contribution of Treaty of Rome to EU and regional agreement in the international society is large, it could provide the touchstone in regional integration of the East Asia. With an endeavor of regional agreement in East Asia, Treaty of Rome could lead to a more sophisticated approach.

The Korea-Thailand Cooperation on the Refugee Issues

( Bongchul Kim ),( Yonghee Kim ) 한국태국학회 2022 한국태국학회논총 Vol.28 No.2

The refugee issue has been a problem that the international community has worked together for more than several decades, but it is still an issue that has a combination of various problems such as discrimination, unreasonable treatment, poverty, and social maladjustment due to each country's interests and social awareness. In addition, the recent COVID-19 situation has put refugees in a more difficult situation, who are forced to belong to the vulnerable group in the social structure. In this situation, it is time for bilateral and multilateral cooperation beyond the activities of each country or organization. This paper examines the current status of refugee issues and the impact of COVID-19, analyzes the policies and systems for refugees in Thailand which is relatively successful in managing refugee issues, and Korea which implemented a legal base for the refugee for the first time in Asia, and present cooperation measures between two countries for the related issues.

Legal Issues on the Korea-EU Crisis Management Operations Agreement: The Regulation and Development of the Security Issues in East Asia

( Bongchul Kim ),( Sora Lim ) 한국EU학회 2019 EU학연구 Vol.24 No.3

한국과 EU 사이의 국제법은 새로운 협력 활동을 위한 법적 기반이다. 자유무역협정(FTA)와 기본협정(FA)는 한-EU 관계에 관련된 전통적인 두 가지 주요 법적 기반이었지만, EU의 위기관리활동에 한국이 참여하는 기본협정은 양측 사이에 새로운 협력 분야를 만들었다. 이 협정에 따르면, 한국과 EU는 위기관리활동에 초청 및 기여, 관련 비용 또는 예산에 관하여 정보를 교환할 것이다. 양측은 이 분야의 협력에 보다 직접적인 법적 근거를 두었으며, 이 협정은 EU-동아시아 협력 작업에 영향을 주게 되었다. 예를 들어, 베트남과 EU도 2019년에 이와 유사한 위기관리활동 참여 기본협정을 체결하였다. 국제법과 국내법은 서로 영향을 주고 동시에 한-EU 사이의 국제법은 많은 외부 요인의 영향을 받는다. 이러한 상황들 속에서도 한국과 EU는 법적 기반의 새로운 기능을 발견하고 협력확대를 위한 더 나은 방법을 찾을 수 있을 것이다. The Korea-EU international laws are the legal bases for their new cooperation activities. Although the FTA and the FA have been two main legal infrastructures for the Korea-EU relation, the Framework Agreement for the Participation of Korea in EU Crisis Management Operations made new cooperation field between the partners. According to the agreement, the Parties will exchange their information and decision on the invitation and the contribution, and even the costs or budgets of the works. The two partners made a more direct legal basis on the co-actions in this field and this agreement made some influences to the EU-East Asian cooperation works. Vietnam and EU also established the agreement in 2019. The international laws and the national laws affect each other, and the laws of the Korea-EU relation are influenced by many external factors. Consequently, they can find better ways for the cooperation with new functions of their legal infrastructures.

An Exploratory Study of the Motivation Factors of Hot Springs Choices in Korea

Kim Byungseok(김병석),Kim Bongchul(김봉철) 한국서비스산업학회 2008 서비스산업연구 Vol.5 No.1

A Study on the Improvement of Regulations on Economic Counterintelligence

Bongchul Kim,Minsub Shim 국제문화기술진흥원 2022 International Journal of Advanced Culture Technolo Vol.10 No.4

Although the National Intelligence Service Act has been amended considering the growing importance of economic counterintelligence, a clear interpretation of certain provisions and improvement of the effectiveness of economic counterintelligence are required. This article presents some suggestions for regulations on economic counterintelligence. Firstly, the meaning of the term disturbance of economic order in connection with foreign powers will become clear by interpreting it with the terms of the Counterintelligence Duty Regulation and by setting categories referring to the U. S. regulations. Secondly, counterintelligence authorities' request for cooperation may be reinforced by amending relevant regulations or by applying a special procedure for the acquisition of data. Finally, strengthened punishment for activities in connection with foreign powers may improve the efficiency of counterintelligence. For these reasons, this paper aims to present a direction for the future, focusing on this new economic counterintelligence.

Popular Culture as an Important Element in Creating a National Image of Korea

Bongchul Kim,Kristina Vasileva 한국정보기술학회 2017 Proceedings of The International Workshop on Futur Vol.2017 No.5

The culture is an important element in creation of national image. Improvement of image by means of national culture, eventually, exerts positive impact on other factors that make a national image general, such as political, social and economic factors. In this article, Korean popular culture is considered in connection with the subjects of the cultural exports (popular culture music, broadcasting culture and eSports), where the type of mass culture is a powerful tool of managing the consciousness of the masses not only inside the country, but also outside of it. Promotion of national interests and the country"s brand are strategic, extremely important for any country. They can be seen as investments in the future. The success of economic growth and the dynamic development of relations with other countries largely depend on how the image of the country is formed and promoted on the external market.

From the Korea-EU FTA to the Korea-UK FTA: The Changes of the International Law for the Korean-UK Relation

( Bongchul Kim ),( Minsub Shim ) 한국EU학회 2022 Asia-Pacific Journal of EU Studies Vol.20 No.2

Brexit will bring great changes to EU and British society, and it will shock the legal systems of both sides. The withdrawal agreement and Britain's domestic law to implement it have set up devices to absorb the impact of the legal system. Brexit is not just a problem within the EU, it also affects third countries. Korea is making efforts to adapt quickly to changes caused by Brexit and prepared for shocks by signing the Korea-UK FTA at an appropriate time. Although the purpose of the Korea-UK FTA is to adapt to the Brexit phenomenon and maintain the existing preferential treatment based on the Korea-EU FTA, the Korea-UK FTA already has some differences from the existing standards of the Korea-EU FTA, and there is a possibility that new standards of discipline will emerge depending on future negotiations and needs of the two partner countries. The future Korea- UK FTA will be quite different from the Korea-EU FTA, and other international laws establishing and regulating relations between Korea and the UK will also change. There are negative assessments and predictions of changes in norms applied to bilateral relations, but ultimately, the two countries need an active attitude to respond appropriately and quickly to changes.