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인간 지방유래 줄기세포가 T-세포중재 면역반응에 미치는 영향
조혜경 ( Hye Kyung Cho ),김혜수 ( Hye Soo Kim ),이일우 ( Il Woo Lee ) 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2008 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.5 No.4
Mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult bone marrow or adipose tissue are known to be less immunogenic and besides immunosuppressive. But the detail of immunologic effect of adipose-derived stem cells(ADSCs) is not revealed yet. This study is aimed to investigate the effect of ADSCs on lymphocytes proliferation and the production of cytokines in vitro. The ADSCs extracted from omental or subcutaneous fat were expanded during third to fifth passages. The phenotype of the ADSCs was identified by the conventional cell surface markers using flow cytometry: positive for CD29 and CD44, but negative for CD34, CD45, CD117 and HLA-DR. The ADSCs were able to differentiate into the osteoblast or adipocytes with induction media. Third-party ADSCs added to the mixed lymphocyte reactions(MLR) induced overall suppressive effect on lymphocytes proliferation, but in part stimulated, whereas the suppressive effect of ADSCs on the nonspecific lymphocyte proliferation provoked by phytohemagglutinin-A(PHA-A) was totally profound. The stimulated index(SI = [(responder cell + stimulator cell + ADSC)/responder cell + stimulator cell] × 100) was 11.69% to 156.5% in MLR and 0.99% to 14.44% in PHA-A assay. The changes of cytokines production were analyzed from the supernatant collected during the lymphocyte proliferation reactions using ELISA. The production of TNF- α, IL-2, IFN- γ was increased during the MLR and PHA-A stimulation. Adding ADSCs, only the level of TNF- α was decreased in MLR, whereas all of three cytokines was decreased in PHA-A stimulation. The level of Th1 cytokines such as IL-2 and IFN- γ in MLR was significantly increased during co-culture with ADSCs regardless of suppressive or stimulated response. The changes of Th2 reaction such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 were minimal and statistically insignificant. The effects of ADSCs on immunologic or nonspecific lymphocyte stimulation are different in extent and cytokine regulation. Further studies will be needed before the clinical application of ADSCs to regenerative medicine.
영어(英語)의 전이강세(轉移强勢)에 관한 고찰(考察)(기술구조주의(記述構造主義)를 중심(中心)으로)
李一雨 ( Lee¸ Il-woo ) 현대영미어문학회 1983 현대영미어문학 Vol.1 No.-
After having studied the various methods on shifting stress, I drew the following conclusions: 1. Stress function in English is to clarifly the meaning, decide the sound value around vowels, and suprasegmental phoneme, which has the important phonemic function causes the meaning distinction of the same spelling, is generally classified into four. 2. While the the stress patterns of words and phrases are comparatively fixed, those of sentences are complex stress patterns in relation to the syntax. Also words or phrases have consistent rules according to the surface structure of the word formation and word order. Although each word is stressed when uttered alone, each individual word will not necessarily carry a strong stress in a sentence stress. There are fore stress, end stress and even stress in word itself as the general rule of word stress. The general rule of the phrase stress has a stress pattern of four stress /□□/ levels according to grammatical pattern. 3. Sentence stress differs from phrase stress. According to the principle of sense stress, major stress must be put on the content words in the sentence, function words generally have minor stress while primary stress comes near or at the end word of the sentence There happen to be many aspects of shifting stress of emphatic stress, and contrastive stress as well as rhythmical stress according to the sentence surface rhythm or the mind attitudes of speakers. This paper could present the minium sentence stress rules in these different kinds of stresses.