無所有(무소유)와 親自然(친자연)

이남덕(李男德) 샘터사 1992 월간 샘터 Vol.23 No.10

韓國語 /n/와 日本語 /y/와의 對應 考察

李男德 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1977 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.30 No.-

During the last hundred years, various theories about the origin of the Japanese language have been put forward, but the strongest of these theories has remained the one advocating Japanese as an Altaic language. In this connection Korean and Japanese have often been compared. Especially after G.J. Ramstedt and N. Poppe established the hypothesis that Korean is a branch develop from the proto Altaic, Korean Japanese comparative studies reached a new stage, both Korean and foreign scholars taking part in it. Even though many scholars have claimed that Japanese belongs to the Altaic languages, no concurrence has been reached. The reason is probably that though the plausibility of the two languages being related is generally recognized, the supporting lexical and grammatical proofs remain insufficient. The aim of the present articles it to point out some examples of correspondences which can serve as proofs, by means of pointing out some rules of phonological changes, and examining the correspondences of the changed sounds in the two languages. Ever since G.j. Ramstedt, at an early stage, recognized that PA d-became OJ y-, supporters of this theory have pointed out several examples of correspondences proving this fact. Common Altaic had a distinction between voiced and unvoiced stops, but in the case of Korean this distinction has been lost, and PA b corresponds to K p, d to t, and g to k. In OJ a word begins only with k, t, p and never with g, d, b. This loss of the distinction between voiced and unvoiced is thought to be parallel to Korean. G. J. Ramstedt proposed that d became j an b became w, but did not make clear on what conditions such changes took place. Moreover, no document in this field provides help with this matter. What now appears is the correspondence OJ y- :: MK n-: as illustrated in the following examples. If the examples are correct, they must show vowel correspondences between them. If the correspondence OJ y-:: K n- is recognized, then it may be advanced that the development PA d to OJ y- has passed via PK n-. If this presumption is correct, the hypothesis that PA d simply corresponds to K /t/ must be revised ; as for the remaining g, b, similar changes to other sounds must be given due consideration. By examining vocabulary correspondences between MK /n/ and OJ /y/, we can find regularities of the vowel correspondence as follows: Korean /n/ corresponds to J/y/ mostly before front vowel /i/ and central /a/, / /. Yet we can find following rules of vowel correspondences. MK back vowel u, o or :: OJ u or a (back vowel) NK front vowel i:: OJ o (front) MK central vowels a or :: OJ u or o (back or front) OJ initial /i-/ is a development of yV (o, u), so we often recognize alternative forms /i-/ or /yV-/ words, eg. Iku~ yuku. By the following two recognized facts, we conclude that PK /n/ moved to PJ /n/, and this changed onto /?/ or /y/ in the proto Japanese period. 1. The old Japanese vowels which correspond to MK vowels are only four in number a,u,o,i which are called PJ vowels (OJ vowel system has 8 vowels a,u,oi,i,o,e,e). 2. There are several words which have alternative forms in initial n- or y-(i-), eg. i(you)~na, i(sleep)~nu(V), yuki~na- (in na-dare, snow) Fiyoko~ Fina. By further investigation of such correspondences between phonemes with regard to their relative positions, we may achieve a phonological law which will lead to the conclusion that Japanese language was derived not directly from proto Altaic, but by way of photo Korean.

濟州方言의 動詞 終結語尾 변화에 나타난 時相體系에 대하여

李男德 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1982 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.40 No.-

Through a morphological analysis of the verb stem-extenders appended between stem and terminal verb suffixes in the finite inflexion of the Cheju dialect, nine successive morpheme-connecting slots were identified. Of these, the second, third, and fourth slots are for aspect morphemes; the sixth, seventh, and eighth slots are for tense-related mood morphemes; the fifth and the ninth are for honorific morphemes which belong to the hierarchical relationship between the speaker and the hearer. In the aspect slots, the imperfect and the perfect aspect(both present perfect and past perfect) were revealed: In the tense-related mood slots, the definitive, the retrospective, the volitive, and the conjective were identified. Moreover through an examination of the links between the aspect slots and the tense-related mood slots, sixteen different Tense-Aspect inflexional forms were discovered. Though this research was confined to the synchronic investigation of the Cheju dialect, it sheds important light upon synchronic and diachronic research of the Korean language. This stems from the distinctive feature of the tense-aspect system of the Cheju dialect which shows a diversified and a highly regular inflexion system which is no longer exists in todays modern Korean language.

15世紀 國語의 直說法 終結語尾 變化에 대하여

李男德 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1967 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.11 No.-

This article deals with the Korean language in the 15th century on the synchronic point of view. The data are mainly collected from prose materials such as Sukpo Sangjul(釋譜詳節) with the main emphasis on their conversations. In this material the mood and the grammatical system of honorification between the speaker and the hearer can be fully studied. The procedures whereby I attempt to analyze the morphological structures of the predicative, the declarative and the interrogative are as follows: (1) morphological analysis of verbal expressions, (2) identification of morphemes by examining conditions on each various allomorph which takes place, (3) making the paradigms of verb-suffixes with regard to the symmetry between the declarative and the interrogative. The following conclusions would be drawn from the above procedures: (1) there are two types of verbal structures: A) simple declarative, /h∧- -n∧- -ta/. B) quasi-nominative declarative, /h∧- -n∧- -n -I- -la/. / h∧-/ -stem, 'do' /-n∧-/ - tense (present, successive) stem-extender /-ta, -la/ -- declarative final ending /-n-/ -- (a) adjective verbal suffix, or (b) gerundive verbal suffix /-i-/ -- (a) formal noun + zero morph of noun-verbalizer, or (b) noun-verbalizer (2) The honorific system of the speaker to the hearer can be generally classified into three ranks: high, medium and low. (3) The choice between two interrogative verb-suffixes, /-ko~-o/ and /-ka~-a/ depends upon the syntactical conditions. That is, when an interrogative word precedes a predicative, /-ko~-o/ occurs at the end of the sentence, whereas a sentence without an interrogative word takes/-ka~-a/ as its final ending.

日本語 系統論 管見

李男德 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1985 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.47 No.-

Contents 1. The arguments about the genetic relation ship of the Japanese language. 2. The background of difficulty in the comparison study between Korean and Japanese languages. 3. The hypothesis of Korean-Japanese cognate in the Altaic family. 4. The methodology of comparative linguistics and the problem about the semantical system of the vocabularies in the Korean-Japanese language 5. The conclusion. The arguments about the origin of the Japanese language have been going on for more than a century. Despite this long history not only have we not been able to establish any standard theory but the competing theories such as the Altaic theory, the Austronesian theory, and the Southern-Asian theory have only added more confusion to the already perplexing situation. Thus it calls for an entirely different look at this old problem. In this paper, recent theories on the origin of the Japanese language are reviewed and the main reasons for the incoherence in the discussion of the genetic relationship are pointed out. The prime reason for such incoherence results from the foregoing a serious comparison of the Japanese languages with that of the Korean which happens to be the closest language with an excuse that the two languages are not comparable because the vocabularies are not similar on the surface. This misunderstanding of incomparality seems to have originated from the inability on the part of Japanese scholars to distinguish the problem of the linguistic origin of the Japanese language which is best set in cultural context from the problem of the racial origin of the Japanese people which is best set in the physical context. Another cause for their misunderstanding can be traced to their superficial method of word-to-word comparison which understandable lowers our confidence in the outcome of such comparison. A methodology of comparison in historical linguistics is addressed in this paper. It proposes to compare groups of cognate words instead of the words themselves. By seeking out all the derivated words sharing the same root-word and then by forming a group from these derivatives in each language, we are able to carry out in-depth comparison of corresponding word-groups in the two languages and this undoubtedly enhances the quality of cognitive tracing. This methodology has all the more been boosted by the awareness that in Altaic languages there definitely exist the yin-yang(陰·陽) symmetrical semantic structure within vocabularies. When the comparison of the cognate word groups are made with this structural criterion in mind the result has been successful. As a specific example R.A. Miller's (the author of the origins of the Japanese language) theory of -k- special declension in middle Korean has been critically reviewed and recast in this new view point. Finally a hypothesis on the genetic theory of the Japanese and Korean languages is offered. It claims that the two languages are in the closest genetic relationship in the Altaic group and glottochronolohical computation shows that they were separated from the Korean-Japanese common parent language around 6,5000 years ago and this parent language is itself was separated from the Tungus language around 7000 years ago.

激勵辭

李男德 이화어문학회 1978 이화어문논집 Vol.2 No.-

金浩順 선생과 나와의 因緣

이남덕 이화어문학회 1997 이화어문논집 Vol.15 No.-

同學 여러 친구들에게

李男德 이화어문학회 1981 이화어문논집 Vol.4 No.-

色彩어휘의 語源 - 「검다」와 「붉다」에 대하여 -

李男德 이화어문학회 1983 이화어문논집 Vol.6 No.-

15세기 국어의 어두자음군계(語頭子音群系 : 竝書字表記) 어휘의 어원 연구

이남덕 세종대왕기념사업회 1986 세종학연구 Vol.- No.1