잉글랜드 이혼법 개혁의 성격, 1909-1937

황혜진 ( Hye Jean Hwang ) 영국사학회 2009 영국연구 Vol.22 No.-

새라 코울리지: 빅토리아 시대 여성이 작가가 되는 방법

황혜진 ( Hwang Hye Jean ) 영국사학회 2019 영국연구 Vol.42 No.-

새라 코울리지는 낭만주의 문학의 거장 새뮤엘 테일러 코울리지의 딸이자, 자신도 다양한 장르를 섭렵한 작가였다. 여성이 작가가 되는 것이 금기였던 시기에 그는 여성에 부과된 규범을 어기지 않으면서 남성의 영역인 문학에 진입하여 성공을 거두었다. 표면적으로는 빅토리아 시대의 여성성을 수용하면서도 실질적으로는 가부장적 질서를 전복했다는 점에서 ‘역설’은 새라의 삶을 설명하는 핵심적인 단어가 된다. 그는 여성이자작가로 살기 위해 몇 가지 전략을 동원했다. 먼저, 새라는 환자가 됨으로써 여성스러운 방식으로 가정의 천사의 책무에서 벗어났고, 약자의 권력을 창출하여 가족 내 질서를 재편했으며, 문학에 몰두할 수 있는 여건을 만들어냈다. 두 번째로 새라는 아버지 사후 그의 편집자 역할을 자임했다. 아버지의 이름과 권위를 빌림으로써 그는 자신의 여성성을 훼손시키지 않은 채 문학가로 활동할 수 있었고, 비평이나 종교 철학과 같은 남성적장르에 진입할 수 있었다. 이처럼 새라는 모순적 전략들을 취함으로써‘여성 작가’로 살 수 있었고, 그의 삶은 빅토리아 시대 여성들이 지배적 이데올로기에 대응하는 복잡하고 다양한 양상을 드러내는 하나의 사례로 읽힐 수 있다. Sara Coleridge was a daughter of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, one of the founders of Romantic Movement in England, and herself an author encompassing a variety of literary genres too. At the dawn of the Victorian Era when the ideology of separate spheres was about to rule the whole British society, she entered the literary world, a typical male domain, without violating the norms related to femininity and domesticity. In this sense, paradox can be a keyword in understanding her life, since she accepted at least superficially the ideal images of Victorian women and concurrently subverted the patriarchal orders in practice. To combine her role as a female and as a writer, Sara applied several strategies, which turned out to be effective. First of all, by becoming an invalid she could be exempted from the heavy duties of the angel in the house in a feminine way. The ‘sick role’ she assumed allowed her the power of the weak, reorganized family order to her advantage, and most of all created an environment where the author could concentrate on literary work. Secondly, shortly after S. T. Coleridge passed away, Sara appointed herself as his editor and performed the role successfully until her own untimely death. Under the name of her father, she carried out literary work without jeopardizing her reputation as a respectable woman, and could enter some genres forbidden to female authors, notably literary critiques and theology. The life of Sara Coleridge and her ironic strategies can be read as an episode revealing the varied and complex reactions of Victorian women to the predominant ideology of the era.

영국 국민보건서비스(NHS)와 이주민 노동력

황혜진 ( Hwang Hye Jean ) 이화여자대학교 이화사학연구소 2021 梨花史學硏究 Vol.- No.63

The National Health Service means more than just a healthcare system to the British. It has not only constituted the core of their national identity, but also reflected the consensus shared by the whole nation in the postwar era. However, one of the main features of this British medical system is its high dependency on migrant workers, which appeared already in the early history of the NHS. However, the experience of these foreign workers in the NHS has attracted little scholarly attention. It was not until recently that historians tried to write migrants back into NHS history. Furthermore, as the experience of migrants in the NHS varies depending on the times, racial and ethnic backgrounds, and more than anything, the jobs they perform, it is almost impossible to provide a general conclusion. Ancillary workers from overseas have been influenced enormously by policies and legislation. On the contrary, core manpowers in the NHS, such as medical doctors, dentists, and nurses, have received preferential treatment consistently. However, they are not free from inequalities, unfair treatment, and racism pervasive in the NHS as well as in the British society. For instance, doctors with foreign medical license are heavily concentrated in the least prestigious positions, specialties and regions. Writing migrants back into NHS history is essential in (re)writing the social and cultural history of the NHS. It also can help find both roots and solutions of current problems this medical system faces.

전간기 현대성? -의료기록을 통해서 본 전간기 영국의 섹슈얼리티-

황혜진 ( Hwang¸ Hye Jean ) 한국서양사학회 2021 西洋史論 Vol.- No.150

성의 역사를 연구함에 있어 가장 큰 장애물은 사료의 부족일 것이다. 본 연구는 이 문제를 해결하는 데 다양한 종류의 의료 문서, 그중에서도 특히 진료 기록이 도움이 될 수 있다고 주장하고, 이 자료를 바탕을 전간기 영국 사회의 섹슈얼리티를 재구성한다. 구체적으로 이 연구는 1920년대와 1930년대에 런던 모즐리 병원에서 정동장애 진단을 받고 치료를 받았던 여성 환자들의 차트를 활용한다. 이를 통해 당시 영국인들의 성 인식 및 행태와 관련하여 몇 가지 패턴을 확인할 수 있다. 먼저, 젊은 미혼 여성들은 결코 성에 대해 무지하지 않았고, 주로 주변인을 통해 관련 정보를 획득했던 것으로 보인다. 1차 세계대전을 전후로 전문가 집단이 다양한 성에 대한 지식을 생산하고 유통하기 시작했지만, 이 정보의 소비자는 대부분 기혼 여성이었다. 전간기에 점점 더 많은 젊은이들이 이성과 교제했고 다양한 형태의 성적 경험을 가지게 되었음은 분명하다. 그러나 혼전 성관계가 수적으로는 증가한 것은 맞지만 그 구체적인 양상은 과거의 그것과 크게 달라지지 않았다. 즉, 결혼을 전제로 오랜 기간 교제한 사이에서 성관계가 주로 이루어졌던 것이다. 한편 이 시기에 중간계급을 중심으로 결혼관이 변화하여, 혼인 관계 내에서 성적만족과 심리적 유대가 중요해졌다. 부부의 성에 대한 기존의 연구 결과와 달리 가족 계획은 적극적으로 추진되지 않았고, 전통적이고 비과학적이며 신뢰할 수 없는 피임법이 여전히 선호되었다. 혼인 관계 내의 성만이 유일하게 정상적인 것으로 여겨졌고, 그 바깥에 위치하는 관계와 행동은 비정상적인 것으로 치부되거나 무시되는 것이 일반적이었다. 따라서 본고는 양차 대전 사이에 섹슈얼리티 측면에서 영국 사회가 모종의 변화를 경험한 것은 인정하지만, 현대적인 성을 논할 수 있는 단계는 아니었다고 주장한다. The lack of historical material is a major obstacle to reconstructing sexuality in the past. This article argues that various kinds of medical records and patients’ case notes in particular can provide historians with affluent sources for historical research on the most intimate subject in human life. To prove the utility of the material and suggest certain aspects of sexuality in interwar Britain, this study employs patients’ case files of the Maudsley Hospital in London. Specifically, medical charts of over 30 female patients who were diagnosed as suffering from affective disorder and treated as in- or out-patients at the mental institution in the 1920s and 1930s are analysed here. Certain patterns emerge as a result of this analysis. Unmarried women in their early adulthood were not ignorant of sex and sexuality, having acquired relevant information mostly from peers at some point of their girlhood. Knowledge about sex produced by professionals around and after the First World War was consumed almost exclusively by married women. During the interwar years, an increasing number of young people were engaged in relationships and experienced various kinds of sexual behaviour. Although the figure of premarital sex rose in this period, it was usually between courting couples who promised to marry, repeating an old and traditional pattern. Those from the middle-class background shared a new view on marriage to emphasize emotional bond and sexual satisfaction. Birth-control was neither planned thoroughly nor executed properly by married couples. Well into the interwar years the most widely used contraceptive method was ‘withdrawal’, a primitive and unreliable practice. Heterosexual relationship, ideally in marriage, was ‘normal’ and anything other than that was regarded as abnormal or ignored completely. This research argues that, although British society saw some major changes regarding sexuality, modernity was not yet found in the interwar period. (Yeungnam University / hjeanhwang@naver.com)

감옥에 갇힌 여성 참정권 투쟁가들: 계급을 넘어선 유대 또는 계급에 따른 분열

황혜진 ( Hye Jean Hwang ) 한국서양사연구회(구 서울대학교 서양사연구회) 2018 서양사연구 Vol.0 No.59

This article aims to reconstruct the prison experiences of the suffragettes and seeks to have a deeper understanding of hunger strike and force-feeding. Revisionist feminist scholars have attempted to restore women suffrage prisoners, mostly members of the Women’s Social and Political Union, in the historiography of the suffrage movement and attained a fair success in repelling the traditional and often unsympathetic view on these activists. With respect to the prison life of the suffragettes, they stress how the confinement experience united these women: those who were put in jail while seeking the Cause shared common experiences of hardship and, consequently, developed a concrete collective identity across the boundaries of class. Such explanation, however, fails to fully account for the realities as they were. This article argues that the activists’ prison experiences varied, mostly depending on their social backgrounds, and that the difference often divided them, rather than uniting them. The experiences of hunger strike and subsequent forcible feeding, the most tragic and extreme part in the WSPU members’ imprisonment narratives, also proved that class certainly affected the ways in which they were treated in jail. The suffragettes from middle- or higher classes, including the leaders of the WSPU, were keenly aware of their privileged status compared to their comrades from the lower social strata, even when they refused any special favor provided by the prison authority. Militant suffrage activists with working-class backgrounds often expressed their frustration as they realized that they were in a more vulnerable position than their middle-class fellows. It is also misleading to claim that the middle-class suffragettes came to familiarize themselves with a wider range of women’s issues and to formed a common bond among all womankind by encountering other prisoners and wardresses from lower classes. This article maintains that it is as dangerous to idealize or mythify the suffragettes as to denigrate them, urging to take a balanced and more nuanced approach. (Seoul National University / hjeanhwang@naver.com)

영국 현대 정신의학의 다국적 기원 : 모즐리 병원 사례를 중심으로

황혜진 ( Hwang¸ Hye Jean ) 영국사학회 2020 영국연구 Vol.43 No.-

본고는 모즐리 병원의 사례 연구를 통해 20세기 전반 영국 정신의학의 발전 과정을 재구성하고 전후에 등장하는 영국 현대 정신의학의 성격을 규명하는 것을 목표로 한다. 모즐리 병원은 1923년 설립 이래 영국 정신의학의 발전을 선도해왔고, 이 분과의 현대화 과정에서 핵심적인 역할을 담당했다. 이 연구는 “모즐리 병원의 작품”이라고 일컬어지는 ‘영국식’ 정신의학이 사실은 비영국적인 요소들의 혼합물이었음을 밝히고자 한다. 먼저, 모즐리 병원 자체가 영국의 의료 전통과 독일식 정신의학의 혼종이었다. 그 설립자들은 영국식 경험주의와 회의주의의 바탕 위에 독일식 제도를 적극적으로 그러나 선택적으로 도입했다. 또한 모즐리가 세계적 수준의 정신병원으로 도약하는 데 투입된 자금의 대부분은 영국 바깥에서 유입되었다. 특히 록펠러 재단의 연구비 지원은 결정적인 차이를 낳았다. 마지막으로 나치 독일에서 망명한 유대인 정신의학자들은 모즐리에 강력한 지적 자극을 제공했고, 연구기관으로서 이 병원이 갖는 위상을 단숨에 끌어올렸다. 이렇게 성립된 전후 영국식 정신의학의 핵심적 성격은 혼종성이라고 할 수 있으며, 이 특징은 20세기 후반 영국 의학계 전체를 관통하는 특성이 될 것이었다. This paper aims to reconstruct the development of English psychiatry in the interwar years and to identify the main features of modern psychiatry which was to appear in the post-war era. To achieve the goal, this research focuses on the Maudsley Hospital, which led British psychiatry since its establishment in 1923 and took a crucial role in modernizing this medical branch. It will be argued that ‘English’ modern psychiatry was, ironically enough, a hybrid of various non-English elements. Most of all, the Maudsley itself was a mixture of English medical tradition and German psychiatric system. Its founders adopted German-style psychiatry, not only ardently but also very selectively, on the basis of English empiricism and skepticism. Secondly, the funds which enabled the Maudsley to take a leap to a world-class psychiatric institution came from outside Britain. Without the financial support of international philanthropic foundations, notably the Rockefeller Foundation, the realization of ‘Institute of Psychiatry’ was impossible. Thirdly, Jewish psychiatrists who fled from Nazi Germany to Britain after 1933 acted as a great stimulus to the Hospital in terms of research capability. The influx of those ‘refugee doctors’ placed the Maudsley in a world-renowned research center. Thus, this article claims that the core characteristics of ‘English’ psychiatry in the post-war era, “the work of the Maudsley Hospital”, should be found in its multi-nationality or hybridism.

갱년기 울병(Involutional Melancholia)의 혼란스러운 역사: -20세기 전반 전문가 집단과 비전문가 집단의 개념 이해 및 활용

황혜진 ( Hwang Hye Jean ) 영국사학회 2018 영국연구 Vol.40 No.-

본 연구는 사회구성주의 관점에서 20세기 전반 ‘갱년기 울병(involutional melancholia)’의 역사를 재구성한다. 에밀 크레펠린은 1896년 개별 정신질환으로서 갱년기 울병을 처음으로 정의하고 도입했지만, 1913년 이 진단명을 폐기하였다. 이후 출판된 전문가용 텍스트를 분석하면, 갱년기 울병 개념의 존폐를 둘러싼 토론이 지속되고 있는 동안에도 영국정신의학계는 이 진단명을 유지했을 뿐만 아니라 오히려 활발하게 사용했음을 알 수 있다. 여러 정신병원에서 작성된 다양한 의료 기록들 역시 이 진단 개념이 전간기 동안 널리 활용되고 있었음을 보여주며, 심지어는 독립된 질병으로서 갱년기 울병의 존치에 반대하는 전문가들도 그 유용성을 인정하고 있었음을 증명한다. 그러나 정작 이 병을 진단받은 환자들은 갱년기 울병 개념에 전혀 익숙하지 않았는데, 이는 전문 지식의 생산과 대중화 사이의 시간차에서 비롯된 현상으로 이해될 수 있다. This article traces the confusing history of ‘involutional melancholia’ against the backdrop of early-twentieth-century Britain by applying a social-constructionist approach. Emil Kraepelin introduced involutional melancholia as a discrete diagnosis term in 1896, but abandoned the concept in 1913, putting it under ‘manic-depressive insanity’ category. His change of mind caused immediate confusion and brought about a prolonged debate amongst psychiatrists. Consulting psychiatric expert literature, notably textbooks and major periodicals, it seems that involutional melancholia not only survived after Kraepelin’s abandonment but also even prospered during the interwar years. Also, medical records of mental hospitals illustrate that the concept was commonly applied, in various forms, in medical practice although the terminology was not frequently used as a formal diagnosis. Such practice, furthermore, was observed in some institutions where the psychiatrists were against the notion in an official manner. Meanwhile, close reading of the case notes of female patients who were deemed to suffer from involutional melancholia reveals that contemporary lay people were not familiarised with the psychiatric concept yet. However, it does not mean that the patients were ignorant about medical knowledge. Rather, it shows that there existed a time gap between production and popularisation of scientific knowledge and that the public, thus, needed time to get used to the new notion.

일개 간호대학생의 역경지수, 셀프리더십, 임상실습 스트레스가 임상실습 수행능력에 미치는 영향

김예진(Ye Jean, Kim),이신범(Sin Bum, Lee),장채은(Chae Eun, Jang),최진국(Jin Guk, Choe),황혜진(Hye Jin, Hwang) 한국간호연구학회 2019 한국간호연구학회지 Vol.3 No.3

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to apprehend the relationship among adversity quotient, self-leadership and stress associated with clinical experience on clinical competence of nursing students and to provide the influential factors to clinical competence. Methods : The participants in this study were 184 nursing students in the third and fourth grade who experienced clinical practice and data was collected through structured questionnaires. Results : The result of the study showed that clinical experience on clinical competence was 3.51, adversity quotient was 3.35, self-leadership was 3.60 and stress associated with clinical experience was 3.01 respectively. Factors influencing nursing students’ clinical competence were shown in the order of satisfaction on clinical practice, adversity quotient, self-leadership, grade. Among them, satisfaction on clinical practice was the greatest influence on clinical competence and the explanatory power was 37.3%. Conclusion : The findings showed that in order to enhance clinical competence of nursing students, it is necessary to develop education programs by increasing satisfaction of nursing major and adversity quotient.