도.토기의 과학적 분석-경상남도 도요지 출토 토기편을 중심으로

홍종욱,조남철,황진주,문환석,Hong, Jong-Ouk,Cho, Nam-Chul,Hwang, Jin-Ju,Moon, Whan-Suk 국립문화재연구소 2001 保存科學硏究 Vol.22 No.-

The scientific analysis and provenance study of potteries excavated from kiln site at Gyeongsang Nam-do were carried out using XRD, ICP-AES and NAA. We can summary the following Result :1. As a result of XRD analysis, it showed that soft potteries consisted of quartz, feldspar and clay minerals while hard potteries consisted of high temperature crystals such as mullite, tridymite, cristobalite.In case of firing temperature which are determined by XRD, potteries consisted of quartz, feldspar and clay mineral had very low firing temperature. While potteries having only cristobalite ranged above $1200^{\circ}C$.2. As a result of correlation analysis using trace element, the selected characteristic elements which was able to distinguish from each kiln site was Sm, Cs, Sc, Eu, Hf.3. Discriminant analytical showed that each kiln site were classified into 4-gruops;Kimhaeci Daesungdong, Hamangun Myosari, Changyounggun Yochori and one group mixed KimhaeciGuosandong, Kimhaeci Samgyeri. This suggests that there are no correlations between the raw materials used in each kiln sites except Kimhaeci Guosandong, Kimhaeci Samgyeri.

월정사 팔각구층석탑내 발견 유물의 자연과학적 분석 연구

홍종욱,한민수,이오희,Hong, Jong-Ouk,Han, Min-Su,Lee, Oh-Hee 국립문화재연구소 2004 保存科學硏究 Vol.25 No.-

This research carried out ancient technique and composition of the relics recovered from the octagonal nine-storied pagoda of Woljeongsa temple using the scientific methods and obtained the following results. Firstly, The silver sarira inner case is consists of Ag, its materials comes out near 98wt%and comparing with the relics of Hwangnamdaechong, the contents of Ag and Ni are almost same with it. Secondly, The bronze sarira outer case, its contents of Cu is almost same with pure copper of which average is 99.7wt%. So, it should be named the copper sarira outer caserather than the bronze sarira outer case that has been called. Thirdly, The bronze mirror, though the contents of tin and lead are less than other contents which have been studied, they tend to have white color so they need to be made a close study. Especially, Because cultural property of nondestructive surface analytic method is not analyzed by the analysis of cross section and the moisten analysis, it may be occurred analytical errors by other factors.

도.토기의 화학조성-경주 황남대총 출토 도.토기를 중심으로

홍종욱,문환석,황진주,조남철,Hong, Jong-Ouk,Moon, Whan-Suk,Hwong, Jin-Ju,Jo, Nam-Cheol 국립문화재연구소 1999 保存科學硏究 Vol.20 No.-

This paper presents the results of investigation on crystal, firing temperature and trace elements analysis of fragments 4~8 centriesexcavated from Kyong ju historical sites such as Wang kyong,Walsung, Hwangnam great tomb by application of optical microscope, neutron activation analysis and X-ray diffraction. Temper analysis of clay for identification of local or foreign production; Trace elements is not presented a unique chemical composition. That’s data have to be treated a statistical process in order to normalize. The results followed ;(1) Firing temperature could be estimated $700^{\circ}C$ on some softness pottery at Walsung and most of hardness others are $1,000^{\circ}C$ to $1,200^{\circ}C$.(2) Crystal structures are divided into three kinds of mineralogical composition(Quartz, Mullite, Feldspar).(3) Considering of the results of statistical data, chemical composition of Walsung is more similarly Wang kyong than Hwangnam great tomb.

완주 송광사 나한전 단청안료 분석

홍종욱,이장존,Hong, Jong-Ouk,Lee, Jang-jon 국립문화재연구소 2013 保存科學硏究 Vol.34 No.-

전라북도에 소재한 유형목조문화재의 단청기록화 사업의 일환으로 송광사 나한전(전라북도 유형문화재 제172호)에 채색된 안료에 대한 X-선형광분석을 실시하였으며, 이들에 대한 색상별 안료의 성분과 보수시기의 동일성을 비교하였다. 분석결과 주성분 및 미량성분을 검토한 결과 나한전에 사용된 안료는 청색은 군청(($3NaAl{\cdot}SiO_4{\cdot}Na_2S_2$), 녹색은 양록($Cu(C_2H_3O_2)_2{\cdot}3Cu(AsO_2)_3$, 주황은 장단($Pb_3O_4$), 황색은 크롬옐로($PbCrO_4$)로 분류되었다. 나한전 외부, 내부의 안료 성분분석으로는 채색 시기를 구별하긴 어려웠다. The purpose of this investigation is to Dancheong documentary project of Tangible cultural in Jeollabukdo. The colored pigments of Nahanjeon Hall in Songkwangsa Temple analyzed and composition and repair period for each pigments were compared. The result are that blue color is Ultramarine blue($Na_6Al_6Si_6O_{24}S_4$), green color is Yangrok($Cu(C_2H_3O_2)_2{\cdot}3Cu(AsO_2)_3$), orange color is Jangdan($Pb_3O_4$), yellow color is Chrome yellow($PbCrO_4$). It is difficult to distinguishable from coloring period by analysis of pigments of Nahanjeon Hall.

경복궁 출토 기와의 자연과학적 조사 연구 - 소주방지, 흥복전지, 함화당지, 집경당지 출토 -

홍종욱,박지희,이한형,Hong, Jong-Ouk,Park, Ji-Jee,Lee, Han-Hyeong 국립문화재연구소 2008 保存科學硏究 Vol.29 No.-

Roofing tiles are very important archaeological artifacts which show science, architecture of that time, as well as information about the culture. It has been studied by many researchers steadily, but only focusing on archaeological, art historical and architectural study, so it is very difficult to find natural science research. Gyeongbokgung's roofing tiles were excavated from the ruins of same site, however glaze, body colour and shape of tiles are very diverse with the naked eye. Through natural science research which analyze the chemical composition and physical characteristics of roofing tiles's body and glaze examine the physical and chemical characteristics of each roofing tiles. the result of analazed roofing tiles is following. when roofing tiles were classified by 전암대자율 and chromaticity, each group has part of some matches. When you compare with green gazed traditional brick's glaze of Silla period, Gyeongbokgung roofing tiles have more $Al_2O_3$ and less PbO than Silla period's. We can see the technology of increasing firing temperature is better. and glaze colour depends on content of $Fe_2O_3$ and CuO. A lot of CuO tend to be more blue.

토기의 소성온도에 따른 미세조직 비교연구

홍종욱,정광룡,Hong, Jong-Ouk,Jung, Kwang-Yong 국립문화재연구소 1994 保存科學硏究 Vol.15 No.-

A typology was established for 15 pottery artefacts at Chejuisland. Conjectured methods of manufacture were confirmed by radiography X-ray diffraction. Scanning electron microscopy etc. The compositions and mineralogy of $500^{\circ}C$ to $1200^{\circ}C$ was measured and compared with those of microstructure. The mechanism of sintering was impurity-initiated, liquid-phase sintering. The making, firing, and sometimes exploding of the figurines may have been the prime function of the pottery at this site rather than being manufactured as permanent, portable object.

도.토기의 과학적 분석-전라남.북도 도요지 출토 토기편을 중심으로

홍종욱,한민수,강대일,Hong, Jong-Ouk,Han, Min-Su,Kang, Dai-Ill 국립문화재연구소 2002 保存科學硏究 Vol.23 No.-

The scientific analysis and provenance study of potteries excavated from kiln sites at Jeonla Nam. Buk-do were carried out using XRD,ICP-AES and NAA. We can summarize the following consequence. First, as a result of XRD analysis, it showed that soft potteries consist of quartz, feldspar and clay minerals while hard potteries consist of high temperature crystals such as mullite, tridymite, cristobalite. In case of firing temperature which are determined by crystals using XRD, potteries are composed of quartz, feldspar and clay minerals had very low firing temperature. While potteries having only cristobalite ranged above$1200^{\circ}C$. Second, as a result of correlation analysis using trace element, the selected characteristic elements which was able to distinguish from each kiln site was Ce, Lu, Cs, Sc, Eu. Third, discriminant analytical results showed that kiln site of the Jeonla Namdo were classified into five groups and that of the Jeolna Buk-do into three groups. This suggests that there are no correlations between the raw materials used in each kiln sites.

기장군출토 도자기의 미세구조 및 특성에 관한 연구

홍종욱,한민수,Hong, Jong Ouk,Han, Min Su 국립문화재연구소 2012 保存科學硏究 Vol.33 No.-

Jangan-eup, located in Busan, South Korea,is a famous pottery-producing area in the Joseon Dynasty period. The aim of this paper was to determine the correlation of the pottery from each kiln site of Jangan-eup by analyzing the ingredients of clay as well as its production technique and firing condition. The materials that were used for the study were fragments of inlaid celadon, white porcelain, and white porcelain painted with underglazed iron excavated from six kiln sites of Jangan-eup:Sil-li, Daeryong-li, Hajangan-li, Sangjangan-li, Yongso-li, and Dumyeong-li. In each of the samples from the six kilns, cristobalite, mullite, and quats were found. The firing temperature distinguished from the crystal structure was higher in the following order: Dumyeongli>Sangjangan-li>Daeryong-li>Hajangan-li>Yongso-li>Sil-li. The samples were divided into four groups based on the ingredients of the clayfound therein: the Sil-li andDaeryong-li group, the Hajangan-li and Sangjangan-li group, the Yongso-li group, and the Dumyeong-li group. It was also found that the sample of Dumyeong-li was made using the most homogeneous clay compared with the other samples. The pottery of Jangan-eup had $40-400{\mu}m$ glaze, had bubbles in their bodies, and had $10-150{\mu}m$ sizes. 조선초기에서 후기에 이르는 자기 생산지로 유명한 부산 기장군 장안읍 일대에 산재한 도요지 중 신리, 대룡, 하장안, 상장안, 용소, 두명리에서 출토된 상감청자, 백자 및 철화백자 편 등을 대상으로 성분과 미세구조를 분석하였고, 이러한 과학기술적 고찰을 통해 6개 도요지에서 출토된 자기의 태토원료, 제작기법, 번조상황 및 도요지간 상관관계 등을 규명하고자 하였다. 6개 사이트에서 출토된 자기에서 Cristobalite, Mullite, Quarts 등이 검출되었고, 결정구조에 따른 소성 온도는 두명리>상장안>대룡리>하장안>용소리>신리> 순으로 높았음이 확인되었다. 판별분석 결과 신리와 대룡리, 상장안리와 하장안리, 용소리, 두명리로 4개 그룹으로 분류되었다. 시편에 제작에 사용된 태토원료는 4개의 유사한 특성 분포를 가지고 있다. 기장군 도자기의 유약 두께는 $40{\sim}400{\mu}m$로 시유되었고, 기포는 $10{\sim}150{\mu}m$형성된 특징을 나타내고 있다. 태토의 균질성 측면에서도 두명리 출토 시편이 가장 우수한 특성을 나타내고 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

흥국사 동종의 비파괴 조사 분석

홍종욱,이재진,Hong, Jong-Ouk,Lee, Jea-Jin 국립문화재연구소 2010 保存科學硏究 Vol.31 No.-

This study shows the comparison of chemical compositions of main component with other bronze bells after the research on the component analysis by non-destructive XRF analysis. There are shrinkage cavities caused by the shrinkage defect and pores with pollutants on Bronze Bell of Heungguksa Temple with gamma radiation images and 77.3% of copper, 8.4% of tin and 10.9% of lead were determined as the main components of it with XRF analysis The tin content of Brozen Bell of Heungguksa Temple is less than those (11~18%) of other bronze bells but the lead content of that is higher. The lead content of it shows 10.91% which is quite high while generally the lead contents of other bells were controlled lower than 2.1%. Buddhist bells have the different lead content according to the period. The lead content was low until Silla Dynasty and Unified Silla period but it has been getting higher since some point of Koryo Dynasty. It is assumed that expensive copper and tin were replaced with lead.

금산사 벽화 안료성분에 관한 비교분석

홍종욱,정광용,Hong, Jong-Ouk,Jung Kwang-Yong 국립문화재연구소 1992 保存科學硏究 Vol.13 No.-

Some pigments of Kumsansa mural painting and Dan-Chong were analyzed by X-ray diffraction spectrometry. Red colour of mural painting and Dan-Chong are all of hematite based quartz and calcite. White blue were found to lead sulphate based calcite on mural painting. Blue pigment on mural painting was found to be quartz, albite, calcite, gypsum and talcwhile Dan-Chong lazurite and gypsum.* Dan-Chong : Exterior painrig with various colours and desingns.