http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
홍연규,이봉춘,송석보,박성태,김정남,전민구,김인섭,Hong, Yeon-Kyu,Lee, Bong-Choon,Song, Seok-Bo,Park, Sung-Tae,Kim, Jeong-Nam,Geon, Min-Goo,Kim, In-Seob 한국잔디학회 2006 한국잔디학회지 Vol.20 No.2
미생물제재(mycoherbicide)라는 용어는 1970년대부터 사용되기 시작하였다. 하지만 미생물 제재에 대한 관심은 화학제재의 비용증가로 인해 최근 주목을 받게 되었다. 고전적인 생물학적방제재(Biological Control Agent, BCA)는 생태적으로 안전하다는 이유로 생태학적인 관점에서 관심을 끌고 있다. 반면, 현대적인 의미의 생물학적방제재는 인공적으로 배양이 가능하고, 또한 그 잡초방제 효과도 화학제초제와 같은 수준이 요구된다. 현재 미생물제재는 7개국에서 곰팡이로부터 만들어지는 26종이있다. 이들은 재배작물에는 안전한 기주특이성을 갖는다. 그러나 대부분의 약제전달체계는 살아있는 미생물을 활력을 유지한 상태로 장기간 보존할 수 있는 능력을 가지고 있어야 함에도 불구하고 대부분이 조건을 충족시키질 못하였다. 또한, 실험실 수준에서는 방제효과가 잘 나타나지만, 실무적으로 사용할 경우 사용년도 및 포장에 따라 방제효과의 발현성과 지속성이 다르게 나타났다. 이 밖에 미생물제재 사용시 습도, 이슬, 온도 및 이들 요인이 잡초방제에 미치는 효과에 대한 연구결과도 미비한 상태이다. 따라서 잡초방제효과가 뛰어난 미 생물제재를 선별해야한다. 선행된 연구에서 제안된 효과적인 미생물제재의 조건은 첫째, 인공 배양법으로 내구성이 있는 접종원(inoculum)의 대량 생산이 가능하고, 둘째, 유전적으로 안정하면서 기주 특이성이 있고, 셋째, 다양한 범위의 잡초방제효과 있어야 한다. 미생물제재의 생산과 보급은 잡초의 생물학적인 방제에 지대한 역할을 할 수 있다. 액상보다는 입상 형태의 미생물제재가 가벼워서 사용이 간편하며, 젤(gel) 타입의 미생물제재도 사용되는 것으로 알려져 있다. The term mycoherbicide started in 1970, but its interest heightened due to increase costs of chemical herbicides. A classical biocontrol agent is expected to become a permanent part of its new environment and do no harm to it. Contemporary biological control agent(BCA) must be produced by artificial culture and could be applied like chemical herbicides over weeds. BCA is different from the classical approach in that it released through natural spread. To date 26 species of fungi are used as classical BCA against 26 species of weeds in seven countries. There are a number of examples of pathogens attacking non-target plants. But through risk assessments which include understanding the taxonomy, biology and ecology, the target and non-target species, it will be safe to introduce of exotic pathogens to control weeds. But pathogens have not been successfully used in practice. Many mycoherbicides show potential in laboratories, but are ineffective in the field and not consistent from year to year or field to field. There is also a lack of understanding humidity, dew formation and temperature and their effects on suppression of weeds by plant pathogens. Potential pathogen must be selected as a BCA. Previous studies suggest that these pathogens must (1) produce abundant and durable inoculum in artifical culture, (2) be genetically stable and weed specific and (3) kill weeds in control. A granular preparation of mycoherbicide into sodium alginate is lighter than liquids and less bulky than organic matter. Gel forms have also been used.
홍연규(Yeon-Kyu Hong),김인섭(In-Seob Kim),전민구(Min-Goo Geon),김정남(Jeong-Nam Kim),박성태(Sung-Tae Park),송석보(Seok-Bo Song),이봉춘(Bong-Choon Lee) 한국잡초학회·한국잔디학회 2006 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.20 No.2
미생물제재(mycoherbicide)라는 용어는 1970년대부터 사용되기 시작하였다. 하지만 미생물 제재에 대한 관심은 화학제재의 비용증가로 인해 최근 주목을 받게 되었다. 고전적인 생물학적방제재(Biological Control Agent, BCA)는 생태적으로 안전하다는 이유로 생태학적인 관점에서 관심을 끌고 있다. 반면, 현대적인 의미의 생물학적방제재는 인공적으로 배양이 가능하고, 또한 그 잡초방제 효과도 화학제초제와 같은 수준이 요구된다. 현재 미생물제재는 7개국에서 곰팡이로부터 만들어지는 26종이 있다. 이들은 재배작물에는 안전한 기주특이성을 갖는다. 그러나 대부분의 약제전달체계는 살아있는 미생물을 활력을 유지한 상태로 장기간 보존할 수 있는 능력을 가지고 있어야 함에도 불구하고 대부분이 조건을 충족시키질 못하였다. 또한, 실험실 수준에서는 방제효과가 잘 나타나지만, 실무적으로 사용할 경우 사용년도 및 포장에 따라 방제효과의 발현성과 지속성이 다르게 나타났다. 이 밖에 미생물제재 사용 시 습도, 이슬, 온도 및 이들 요인이 잡초방제에 미치는 효과에 대한 연구결과도 미비한 상태이다. 따라서 잡초방제효과가 뛰어난 미생물제재를 선별해야한다. 선행된 연구에서 제안된 효과적인 미생물제재의 조건은 첫째, 인공 배양법으로 내구성이 있는 접종원(inoculum)의 대량 생산이 가능하고, 둘째, 유전적으로 안정하면서 기주 특이성이 있고, 셋째, 다양한 범위의 잡초방제효과 있어야 한다. 미생물 제재의 생산과 보급은 잡초의 생물학적인 방제에 지대한 역할을 할 수 있다. 액상보다는 입상 형태의 미생물제재가 가벼워서 사용이 간편하며, 젤(gel) 타입의 미생물제재도 사용되는 것으로 알려져 있다. The term mycoherbicide started in 1970, but its interest heightened due to increase costs of chemical herbicides. A classical biocontrol agent is expected to become a permanent part of its new environment and do no harm to it. Contemporary biological control agent(BCA) must be produced by artificial culture and could be applied like chemical herbicides over weeds. BCA is different from the classical approach in that it released through natural spread. To date 26 species of fungi are used as classical BCA against 26 species of weeds in seven countries. There are a number of examples of pathogens attacking non-target plants. But through risk assessments which include understanding the taxonomy, biology and ecology, the target and non-target species, it will be safe to introduce of exotic pathogens to control weeds. Butp athogens have not been successfully used in practice. Many mycoherbicides show potential in laboratories, but are ineffective in the field and not consistent from year to year or field to field. There is also a lack of understanding humidity, dew formation and temperature and their effects on suppression of weeds by plant pathogens. Potential pathogen must be selected as a BCA. Previous studies suggest that these pathogens must (1) produce abundant and durable inoculum in artifical culture, (2) be genetically stable and weed specific and (3) kill weeds in wide areas. The delivery and distribution of BCA is of great importance in affecting biological control. A granular preparation of mycoherbicide into sodium alginate is lighter than liquids and less bulky than organic matter. Gel forms have also been used.
홍연규(Yeon Kyu Hong),이봉춘(B. C. Lee),송석보(S. B. Song),박성태(S. T. Park),김정남(J. N. Kim),전민구(M. K. Koo),김인섭(I. S. Kim) 한국잔디학회 2006 한국잔디학회 정기총회 및 학술발표회 Vol.19 No.-
The term mycoherbicide originated in the 1970's to differentiate this strategy from classical strategy of relying upon self-perpetuation introduced organisms for weed control. Interest in bioherbicides is hightened in particular by the increasing costs of chemical herbicides, lack of adequate chemical control for some weeds and the social concerns about the widespread use of pesticides. After release, a classical biocontrol agent is expected to become a permanent part of its new environment and it is vital to ensure, as far as possible, that it will do more good than harm there. This is done through risk assessment, which invariably includes host range testing. Contemporary biological control system includes the use of fungi to control weeds in agricultural ecosystems and forests. Biological control agent (BCA) of weeds that are highly virulent and specific to target weeds, and able to be produced massively by artificial culture could be applied like chemical herbicides over the weeds. The approach of mycoherbicide(BCA)is differed from the classical approach in which plant pathogens are released through natural spread. The use of pathogenic fungi as classical biological control agents for weeds began in 1971. To date, 26 species of fungi, originating from 15 different countries, have been used as classical BCA against over 26 species of weeds in seven countries. Information is presented on the performance of these pathogens in the field after release, compared with predictions made on the basis of prerelease host-range testing. The mechanisms and evolution of plant resistance are discussed in relation to risk assessment. No reports were uncovered of deliberately introduced fungi unexpectedly attacking non-target plants after release. Indeed, host-range testing results have often proved conservative, with a number of examples of pathogens attacking non-target plants in prerelease tests, but not being recovered from these species in the field. It is concluded that risk assessments based on rigorous host-range testing, combined with a good understanding of the taxonomy, biology, and ecology of the agent, the target weed, and non-target species, can ensure that the introduction of exotic pathogens is a safe and environmentally benign method of weed control. However, many pathogens have not been successfully used in practice as mycoherbicide to date despite the extensive researches and developments. Of the 80 weed control projects, 71 involved fungi, 6 involved viruses, and 3 each involved bacteria and nematodes. Charudattan added the list 153 mycoherbicide projects recently. One estimated that 30 weeds might be controlled with mycoherbicides by the year 2000, without taking into account the potential genetic engineering and other advances in biotechnology. Developed under such a definition, many mycoherbicides were considered which have shown their potentials in the laboratory or greenhouse, but most of them have been ineffective in the field. In addition, for some mycoherbicide candidates, control efficacy was not consistent from year to year or from field to field. These contradictions indicate lack of understanding of one or more important ecological factors or mechanisms contributing to the suppression of weeds by plant pathogens in the field. It is necessary to understand what are the suitable conditions of temperature and relative humidity to control the target weed with plant pathogen before applying in field. Nevertheless, under field conditions dew formation and its duration are difficult to predict. In the studies of biological control of weed with pathogens, there are some notable examples. Most weed species are hosts for many endemic pathogens, thus, a potential pathogen must be selected as a BCA. Daniel et al.suggested that these pathogens must ; (1) be able to produce abundant and durable inoculum in artificial culture, (2) be genetically stable and specific for the target weed, and (3) be able to infect and kill the