제주지역 도로변 대기 중 에어로졸의 입경별 조성특성

허철구,김수미,이기호,Hu, Chul-Goo,Kim, Su-Mi,Lee, Ki-Ho 한국환경과학회 2020 한국환경과학회지 Vol.29 No.1

To determine the size distributions of water-soluble inorganic ionic species (WSIS) in roadside aerosols, sampling experiments were carried out in the urban roadside area of Jeju City on August 2018 and January 2019 by using the eight-stage cascade impactor sampler. The mass of roadside aerosols were partitioned at 57% in fine fraction, 36-37% in coarse fraction, and 6-7% in giant fraction, regardless of summer and winter. The mass concentrations of WSIS except for Na+ and SO42- in roadside aerosols were higher in winter than in summer. The size distributions of Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Cl^- were characterized by bimodal types with coarse particle mode peaking around 3.3-4.7 ㎛ and 5.8-9.0 ㎛. The size distributions of NO₃^- and K⁺ shifted from a single fine mode peaking around 0.7-1.1 ㎛ in winter to bimodal and/or trimodal types with peaks around coarse mode in summer. SO₄^2- and NH₄⁺ showed a single fine mode peaking around 0.7-1.1 ㎛. The MMAD of roadside aerosols was lower than that of Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Cl-. Based on the marine enrichment factors and the ratio values of WSIS and the corresponding value for sea water, the composition of roadside aerosols in Jeju City may be practically affected by terrestrial sources rather than marine source.

제주시 도심지역 미세먼지의 화학적 조성 특성

허철구 ( Chul-goo Hu ),이기호 ( Ki-ho Lee ) 한국환경과학회 2018 한국환경과학회지 Vol.27 No.7

This study observed particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) in the downtown area of Jeju City, South Korea, to understand the chemical composition of particulates based on an analysis of the water-soluble ionic species contained in the particles. The mass fraction of the ionic species in the sampled PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 was 44.3% and 42.2%, respectively. In contrast, in Daegu City and Suwon City, the mass fraction of the ionic species in PM_2.5 was higher than that in PM₁₀. The chloride depletion percentage of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in Jeju City was higher than 61% and 66%, respectively. The contribution of sea-salt to the mass of PM₁₀ (5.9%) and PM_2.5 (2.6%) in Jeju City was similar to that in several coastal regions of South Korea. The mass ratio of Cl^- to Na⁺ in the downtown area of Jeju City was comparable to that in some coastal regions, such as the Gosan Area of Jeju Island, Deokjeok Island, and Taean City. The mass fraction of sea-salt in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 was very low, and the concentration of sodium and chloride ions in PM₁₀ was not correlated with those in PM_2.5 (R² < 0.2), suggesting that the effects of sea-salt on the formation of particulate matter in Jeju City might be insignificant. The relationship between NH₄⁺ and several anions such as SO₄^2-, NO₃^-, and Cl^-, as well as the relationship between the measurement and calculation of ammonium ion concentration, suggested that sea-salts may not react with H₂SO₄, and (NH₄)₂SO₄ may be a major secondary inorganic aerosol component of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in Jeju City.

연구발표논문초록 ( 유동층 ) : 2단 유동층 연소로의 연소특성

허철구 (학),이제근 (정),전해수 (정) ( Chul Goo Hu,Jea Keun Lee & Hai Soo Chun ) 한국화학공학회 1988 춘계학술발표회 Vol.- No.-

제주특별자치도 환경영향평가제도의 제도적 특징에 관한 고찰

양순미,이기호,허철구,Yang, Soon-Mi,Lee, Ki-Ho,Hu, Chul-Goo 한국환경과학회 2021 한국환경과학회지 Vol.30 No.8

Jeju Special Self-Governing Province has implemented a self-governing environmental impact assessment system (Jeju-EIAS) in recognition of its autonomy. In this study, the institutional features of Jeju-EIAS were examined by analyzing the development projects whose consultation under Jeju-EIAS were completed from 1994 to 2019. The consultation procedure of Jeju-EIAS, such as the actual operation of Review Committee for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), the consent of the provincial council, and the regular follow-up activities for the implementation of EIA consultations, has been implemented differently from those of other metropolitan cities and provinces. Under Jeju-EIAS, types of development projects subject to consultation on EIA also take into account local conditions, and include the construction of aquarium basin and building. In addition, provisions concerning the scale of development projects is strengthened above the Korean Environmental Impact Assessment Act (EIA Act).

제주시 도로변에서의 에어로졸의 입경별 분포 특성

이기호,김수미,허철구,Lee, Ki-Ho,Kim, Su-Mi,Hu, Chul-Goo 한국환경과학회 2021 한국환경과학회지 Vol.30 No.9

Measurements on mass size distribution of roadside aerosols were obtained in downtown Jeju City from July 2018 to May 2020 using an 8-stage cascade impactor sampler and the compositions of aerosols were analyzed. The mass size distribution of total aerosols was bimodal with aerosols existing in both the fine and coarse modes. The mass size distributions of Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^-, NH₄⁺ and SO₄^2- were unimodal, whereas that of K⁺ was bimodal. For NO₃^-, the size distribution in winter and spring was bimodal with the peaks in both fine and coarse modes, whereas for summer and autumn the distribution was unimodal with a peak in the coarse mode. NH₄⁺ was found to co-exist with SO₄^2- in the fine mode with an average molar ratio of [NH₄⁺]/[SO₄^2-] equal to 2.05. Good correlation was observed between NO₃^- and NH₄⁺ in the fine mode particles in spring and winter. Based on the value of the marine enrichment factor for Cl^-, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and SO₄^2-, it may be inferred that a major part of the roadside aerosols in downtown Jeju City was largely contributed by terrigenous sources, although the influence of sea salt was normally present.

제주지역 PM10의 수농도 및 질량농도와 원소성분 조성 특성

강창희 ( Chang Hee Kang ),허철구 ( Chul Goo Hu ) 한국환경과학회 2014 한국환경과학회지 Vol.23 No.3

The number concentrations, the mass concentrations and the elemental concentrations of PM10 have measured at Gosan site in Jeju, Korea, from March 2010 to December 2010. And the correlation and the factor analysis for the number, the mass and the elemental concentrations of PM10 are performed to identify their relationships and sources. The average PM10 number concentration is observed 246 particles/㎝3(35.7∼1,017 particles/㎝3) and the average PM10 mass concentration is shown 50.1 ㎍/㎥(16.7∼441.4 ㎍/㎥) during this experimental period. The number concentrations are significantly decreased with increasing particle size, hence the concentrations for the smaller particles less than 2.5 ㎛(PM2.5) are contributed 99.6% to the total PM10 number concentrations. The highest concentration of the 20 elements in PM10 determined in this study is shown by S with a mean value of 1,497 ng/㎥ and the lowest concentration of them is found by Cd with a mean value of 0.57 ng/㎥. The elements in PM10 are evidently classified into two group based on their concentrations: In group 1, including S>Na> Al>Fe>Ca>Mg>K, the elemental mean concentrations are higher than several hundred ng/㎥, on the other hand, the concentrations are lower than several ten ng/㎥ in group 2, including Zn>Mn>Ni>Ti>Cr>Co>Cu>Mo>Sr>Ba>V >Cd. The size-separated number concentrations are shown positively correlated with the mass concentrations in overall size ranges, although their correlation coefficients, which are monotonously increased or decreased with size range, are not high. The concentrations of the elements in group 1 are shown highly correlated with the mass concentrations, but the concentrations in group 2 are shown hardly correlated with the mass concentrations. The elements originated from natural sources have been predominantly related to the mass concentrations while the elements from anthropogenic sources have mainly affected on the number concentrations of PM10.

제주시 미세먼지(PM_2.5)에 함유된 원소의 조성특성 및 오염원

이기호 ( Ki-ho Lee ),허철구 ( Chul-goo Hu ) 한국환경과학회 2018 한국환경과학회지 Vol.27 No.7

From November 2013 to December 2016, ambient fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) was sampled in the downtown area of Jeju City, South Korea, which has seen rapid urbanization. The atmospheric concentrations of elements were measured in the PM_2.5 samples. This study focused on Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, As, Sb, Sn, V, and Zn. The concentrations of Al, Na, K, Fe, Ca, Mg, Sr, and La were also obtained for reference. The objectives of this study were to examine the contributions of these elements to PM_2.5 concentrations in downtown Jeju City, and to investigate the inter-element relationships and the elemental sources by using enrichment factors and principal components analysis (PCA). A composition analysis showed that the 19 elements constituted 6.65 % of the PM_2.5 mass, and Na, K, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, and Zn constituted 98 % of the total ion mass. Seasonal trend analysis for the sampling period indicated that the concentrations of the elements increased from November to April. However, no substantial seasonal variations were found in the concentrations of the elements. The composition ratios of some elements (Cu/Zn, Cu/Cd, Cu/Pb, V/Ni, and V/La) were found to be out of range when compared to the literature from other urban areas. The ratios between the elements and the PCA results showed that local contaminant sources in Jeju City rarely influence the composition of PM_2.5. This suggests that the major sources of PM_2.5 in Jeju City may include long-range transport of fine particulate matter produced in other areas.

제주시 도심지역에서 여름과 겨울의 PM_2.5이온조성 특성

이기호 ( Ki-ho Lee ),허철구 ( Chul-goo Hu ) 한국환경과학회 2017 한국환경과학회지 Vol.26 No.4

Chemical properties of aerosols were investigated by analyzing the inorganic water-soluble content in PM_2.5collected in the downtown area of Jeju City in Jeju Island. Due to an increase in both the number of visiting tourists and the size of local population, the number of cars in this area is increasing, causing an increase in PM_2.5. Eight PM_2.5-bound major inorganic ions were analyzed during the summer and winter periods. The water-soluble inorganic component represents a significant fraction of PM_2.5. In particular, secondary inorganic aerosols contribute 36.2% and 47.5% of PM_2.5 mass in summer and winter, respectively. Nitrate concentrations increase for [NH₄⁺]/[SO₄²_-]>1.5, and excess ammonium, which is necessary for ammonium nitrate formation, is linearly correlated with nitrate. These results are clearly observed during the winter because conditions are more conducive to the formation of ammonium nitrate. A significant negative correlation between Nitrogen Oxidation Ratio (NOR) and temperature was observed. The obtained results can be useful for a better understanding of the aerosol dynamics in the downtown area in Jeju City.

황사 시 제주지역 에어로졸의 수농도 특성

강창희 ( Chang Hee Kang ),허철구 ( Chul Goo Hu ) 한국환경과학회 2013 한국환경과학회지 Vol.22 No.3

The aerosol number concentration have measured with an aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometer(APS) at Gosan in Jeju Island, which is known as background area in Korea, from March 2010 to February 2011. The obtained results of asian dust events and non asian dust period have been compared. The results show that the entire averaged aerosol number concentration from APS measurement during asian dust events and non asian dust period are about 341 particles/ ㎤ and 240 particles/ ㎤, respectively. During asian dust events, the number concentration in small size ranges(<0.4㎛) are similar to non-asian dust period. The contributions of the size resolved number concentration(23 channel in 0.25~10.0㎛) to total number concentration in That range are dramatically decreased with increased particle size. The contributions of smaller size ranges(<0.4㎛)during Asian dust events are very low compared with non asian dust period, on the other hand, those of larger size ranges(>0.4㎛) are higher than non asian dust period The number concentration in each size range are strongly correlated with the concentration in adjacent size range. And the Total aerosol number concentration are depended on the number concentration in range of smaller than 0.58㎛ during non asian dust period and asian dust events. On the other hand, PM10 mass concentration has mainly affected with the number concentration in range of smaller than 1.0㎛ during non asian dust period, however, during asian dust events, the mass concentration has mainly affected with the number concentration in range of 0.65~3.0㎛.

제주시 지역 미세먼지의 변동과 화학적 구성 특성

이기호,김수미,김길성,허철구,Lee, Ki-Ho,Kim, Su-Mi,Kim, Kil-Seong,Hu, Chul-Goo 한국환경과학회 2020 한국환경과학회지 Vol.29 No.5

This study investigated the nitrate formation process, and mass closure of Particulate Matter (PM) were calculated over the urbanized area of Jeju Island. The data for eight water-soluble inorganic ions and nineteen elements in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were used. The results show that the nitrate concentration increased as excess ammonium increased in ammonium-rich samples. Furthermore, nitrate formation was not as important in ammonium-poor samples as it was in previous studies. According to the sum of the measured species, approximately 45~53% of gravimetric mass of PM remained unidentified. To calculate the mass closure for both PM_2.5 and PM₁₀, PM chemical components were categorized into secondary inorganic aerosol, crustal matter, sea salt, trace matter and unidentified matter. The results by the mass reconstruction of PM components show that the portion of unidentified matter was decreased from 52.7% to 44.0% in PM_2.5 and from 45.1% to 29.1% in PM₁₀, despite the exclusion of organic matter and elemental carbon.