포용과 통합의 상상력 : 바슐라르의 관점에서 다시 읽는 『플로스 강의 물방앗간』

허정애(Jeong-Ae HUH) 경북대학교 인문학술원 2020 동서인문 Vol.0 No.14

상상력 이론가인 바슐라르는 몽상을 상상력의 주된 활동 무대로서 가장 중요한 인간의 정신 활동으로 높이 평가한다. 그는 꿈과 몽상의 차이점으로 꿈은 단순히 재현적 기능을 하는 수동적인 정신 활동인 반면에 몽상을 하는 주체는 능동적, 창조적 정신 활동을 한다는 점을 밝힘으로써 몽상의 지위를 승격시킨다. 또한 바슐라르는 상상력과 시의 기능을 비현실원칙으로 규정하며 이성과 합리주의를 기반으로 하는 현실원칙과 구분한다. 바슐라르는 상상력 이론가이기 때문에 일견 비현실 원칙을 중시하는것 같지만 그의 최종 방점은 양 극단의 두 원칙을 조화시키는 포용과 통합에 있다. 이러한 바슐라르의 포용과 통합의 상상력은 흥미롭게도 19세기 영국소설가인 조지 엘리엇의 작품, 평론, 서평, 편지 등에서 관찰된다. 이 논문에서는 엘리엇의『플로스 강의 물방앗간』을 바슐라르의 상상력 이론의 관점에서 다시 읽고자 한다. 첫째, 몽상에 빠지는 소녀로서 이 소설의 여주인공인 매기 털리버를 탐색한다. 둘째, 비현실원칙(상상력)을 대표하는 매기와 현실원칙(이성)을 대표하는 톰이라는 양 극단이 죽음 앞에서 서로의 갈등을 해소하고 화해하는 과정을 그리는 작가의 바슐라르식 포용과 통합의 상상력을 조명한다. The French philosopher of science and imagination Gaston Bachelard raised the status of ‘reverie (daydream),’ which is the main stage of imagination, by clarifying the difference between dream and reverie. While dream is a passive spiritual activity, reverie is an active and creative one. Bachelard also distinguishes the difference between the unreality principle, that is, the function of imagination and poetry, and the reality principle, that is, the function of reason and science. Even though he seems to lay greater stress on the unreality principle, his final emphasis is on the tolerance and integration between unreality principle (poetry) and reality principle (science). Bachelard"s imagination of tolerance and integration can be traced in George Eliot"s novels, essays, book reviews, and letters. This paper aims to read Eliot"s The Mill on the Floss anew from the perspective of Bachelard"s theory of imagination. First, I explore the character of Maggie Tulliver, the heroine of The Mill on the Floss, as a girl who falls into reverie. Second, I shed light on the imagination of tolerance and integration as the two poles of unreality principle, represented by Maggie, and reality principle, represented by Tom, which are reconciled in the presence of the two characters’ mutual death.

“근대路 열린 인문학”

허정애(Huh, Jeong Ae) 경북대학교 인문학술원 2014 동서인문 Vol.0 No.2

역사의 기억을 통해 근대 대구를 재발견하고, 지리적 삶과 인문적 삶을 결합함으로써 도시의 창조적 재생을 모색하려는 목적을 위해 시민인문학 강좌, 청소년인문학콘선트, 인문체험, 인문축제 등의 활동을 추진한다.

새커리의 『허영의 시장』에 나타난 신사다움, 영국성, 타자성

허정애(Jeong-Ae Huh) 19세기영어권문학회 2016 19세기 영어권 문학 Vol.20 No.1

The purpose of this study is to revisit the notion of William M. Thackeray’s ‘gentlemanliness’ in Vanity Fair from the perspective of Englishness and Otherness. “Honest, pure, warm and modest” William Dobbin is defined as a true English gentleman who is regarded as being the closest to a hero in this “novel without a hero.” Judging from the perspective of Englishness and Otherness, however, the situation is entirely different. Compared with other male characters, Dobbin is different in his attitudes towards non-English female Others such as Anglo-French Becky Sharp, Irish Mrs. O’Dowd and Glorvina O’Dowd, and West-Indian Rhoda Swartz who are positioned ambiguously within English culture. While other English male characters are easily contaminated by Frenchness, Irishness, and blackness as part of a loss of their Englishness, Dobbin is indifferent toward them, sometimes mocks them, and is never contaminated by them, steadfast in his role to safeguard pure Englishness. Futhermore, he warns Amelia not to be contaminated by Otherness and to resemble a true English ‘angel in the house.’ Thus, Thackeray’s ideal of ‘gentlemanliness’ is an exclusive concept which excludes rather than embraces non-English Others for the sake of retaining English supremacy.

제임스의 『황금주발』에 나타난 제국주의의 문제: 상호텍스트적 연구

허정애 ( Jeong Ae Huh ) 근대영미소설학회 2001 근대 영미소설 Vol.8 No.1

Marxist critics insist that James`s aestheticism lacks historical consciousness, and thus he is indifferent to the new impenal world order. However, reading James`s The Golden Bowl(1904), written at the turn of the century when British impenalism declines and the new American imperial power rises with the peak of immigration to America, enables us to challenge to that idea The Golden Bowl can be read as a political novel which reveals James`s great concern about history and the new imperial world order. In this thesis, joining more recent studies which emphasize the historical context of The Golden Bowl, I analyze James`s attitude toward American imperial expansionism and assimilation policy by approaching it from an intertextual study. In the Golden Bowl James shows his historical recognition that America was displacing Britain as the new empire by describing the poor Italian Prince who sells himself as a treasure of European civilization to Adam and Maggie Verver, the rich American collector of arts and his daughter. The question arises whether James himself can be considered guilty of imperialism in The Golden Bowl The key to evaluating this question lies in James`s attitude toward Adam and Maggie. Throughout the novel James does not sympathize with Adam. Rather, he criticizes that Adam`s noble aesthetic taste to construct a vast museum in America is nothing but Imperial ambition for boundless expansion and assimilation of empire James does not seem to sympathize with Maggie, considering her brutality as an imperialist who manipulates and controls destiny of Amerigo and Charlotte, an adulterous pair and conquered races.

미국문학수업에서 워튼 활용하기 - 상호텍스트적 젠더 읽기의 한 사례 : 미국문학수업에서 워튼 활용하기

허정애(Jeong-Ae Huh) 한국영미문학교육학회 2006 영미문학교육 Vol.10 No.2

Edith Wharton has been consistently underestimated as a ""minor"" or an ""unimportant"" writer and thus, excluded from American literature classes in Korea which teach only ""major"" writers such as Hawthorne, Melville, Twain, James, Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Faulkner. This thesis deals with the way in which Wharton, who has been considered ""unimportant,"" can be used as an ""important"" writer in terms of an intertextual approach of gender. Chapter one explores the status of Wharton and her contemporary women writers in American literary history. Chapter two discusses Wharton"s significance by analysing the similarities and differences of Wharton and male writers in the nineteenth century America such as Hawthorne and James. Chapter three compares Wharton"s The House of Mirth and James"s The Portrait of a Lady and discusses the possibility of subverting the tradition of male discourse and refashioning new feminist discourse in American literary history. Chapter four examines correlation of works written by Wharton and the male writers in the twentieth century America. Chapter five discusses an example of an intertextual comparison of British and American novels using Wharton"s The Custom of the Country and Thackeray"s Vanity Fair. Teaching Wharton with intertextual approach in American literature class will be helpful in solving the problem of tedious class which always deals with same writers and in adding variety to syllabi of American literature course.

제임스의 신여성 : 「보스턴 사람들」연구

허정애(Jeong-Ae Huh) 한국영미어문학회 2008 영미어문학 Vol.- No.88

  Among the Jamesian canons, The Bostonians(1886) deals with politics and sexuality the most directly by capturing the "New Woman" in the postbellum age of America. The central confrontation of the novel is in possessing the young, beautiful, and eloquent Verena Tarrant which develops between Olive Chancellor, a homosexual radical feminist leading the women"s suffrage movement and Basil Ransom, a heterosexual conservative opposing it. Basil attempts to save Verena from lesbian Olive and marry her to preserve a healthy home.<BR>  For some critics, James is regarded as a feminist writer due to his women characters with strong self-consciousness and intelligence. But James"s attitude toward the "New Woman" portrayed in The Bostonians raises an argument on James as a feminist. Is he a feminist who sympathizes with the "New Woman" character participating in the women"s movement? Or, does James agree with the male discourse in the age insisting that the "New Woman" causes sexual degeneration and "race  suicide"?<BR>  Although James is a realist who recognizes that "the situation of woman" is "the most salient and peculiar point" in the 1880s, he does not support the feminization of American culture for masculinity will then be blotted out from the world. The fact that James"s perspective on lesbian Olive and the feminist movement is also negative proves that he agrees with the male discourse of the age on the "New Woman." To many, The Bostonians seems an anomaly in the Jamesian canon, but he might have revealed his frank and unconscious view on women in this anomaly.

제인 오스틴, 노예제, 계급, 인종

허정애(Jeong-Ae Huh) 한국영미어문학회 2011 영미어문학 Vol.- No.99

From Edward Said, who criticized Jane Austen’s Mansfield Park(1814) as a colonialist novel upholding slavery in his Culture and Imperialism(1993) to Gabrielle White who criticized Said and defended Austen as an abolitionist in his Jane Austen in the Context of Slavery(2006), the dispute on whether Austen is an abolitionist or not has been developing fiercely between feminists and postcolonialists for the last two decades. Austen’s indirect and ambiguous description of the slavery questions in Mansfield Park has made criticism more controversial. For a persuasive solution to this controversy over Austen and slavery, a complex reading from the perspective of gender, class and race is required. Though it is true that Austen is interested in gender questions, her concern is only in white English women. She is indifferent to other race’s dual exploitations, sexual and racial. As for class, though Austen is a sensitive commentator of various levels of classes, her major concern is the upper class, not the ‘social other,’ lower class which includes workers or servants. Austen’s conception of the ‘social other’ in the novel is connected with that of the ‘racial other,’ black or mulatto in the West Indies. For Austen, ‘racial other’ is the source of anxiety because English pure blood can be tainted by miscegenation between other races. This is significant in the sense that the anxiety about miscegenation and hybridity, which is prevalent in the Victorian Age, already germinated in Austen. Considering Austen’s emphasis on ‘Englishness’ through all of her works, it is very hard to find a reason why Austen would oppose slavery, the economic foundation of British imperialism. Austen exploits the West Indies as the property of England and doesn’t listen to pain, repression and exploitation of slaves working there. Thus, those critics insisting that Austen is an abolitionist just seems to be participate in the ‘saving English Austen’ movement.

페미니스트 SF 소설에 재현된 남성 임신: 옥타비아 버틀러의 「블러드차일드」를 중심으로

허정애(Jeong-Ae Huh) 한국영미어문학회 2017 영미어문학 Vol.- No.125

In spite of its remarkable literary achievement, Octavia Butler’s feminist SF “Bloodchild”(1984) has not been discussed much by literary critics. As Butler says about the story which deals with male pregnancy, “Bloodchild” can be read not as a “a story of slavery” but as “a love story” where humans and aliens pursue co-evolution and symbiosis(interspecies cooperation) under mutual equality. Butler, who shares the same idea of cyborg feminist epistemology with Donna Haraway, embraces the differences between the heterogeneous beings by blurring the binary opposition of man/woman, nature/culture, human/alien, self/other, and colonizer/colonized. Compared to a traditional space travel narrative, “Bloodchild” takes neither an imperialistic standpoint that humans exploit colony and oppress aliens in space, nor an anthropocentric one that humans deliver peace and civilization to aliens with superior perspectives. Thus, “Bloodchild” aims at an ethical dimension where humans and non-humans care for each other based on “communication,” “connection,” and “respect.”

통가는 말할 수 있는가?

허정애(Jeong-Ae Huh) 19세기영어권문학회 2015 19세기 영어권 문학 Vol.19 No.1

At the close of nineteenth century, the English are possessed with anxiety and fear that pure Englishness is being threatened by increasing influx of foreigners and contaminated by toxic plants and animals brought with them from British colonies like Asia, Africa, and America. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, a patriotic and conservative English writer, invents Sherlock Holmes, a superior English detective hero, and endows racial others with inferiority and criminality based on newly developed theories like forensic science, criminal anthropology, chemistry and anatomy. In his second novella The Sign of Four(1890), Doyle shows that Englishness is being threatened and contaminated by Tonga, a black native of Andaman Islands, and his toxic thorns. By punishing a dangerous and savage other and removing his toxic weapon, Doyle safeguards English superiority and soothes their anxieties and fears. To verify Homes`s hypothesis that Tonga is an innate murderer with deformed body and cruel and bestial character, Doyle`s narrative silences Tonga`s voice and gives voices to two English narrators, John Watson and Jonathan Small. As a result, Doyle reaffirms English supremacy that sustained English home and empire at the end of the nineteenth century. Thus, Tonga cannot speak in The Sign of Four.

침묵과 흉내내기: 워튼의 유령이야기에 나타난 여성언어의 억압

허정애(Jeong-Ae Huh) 한국영미어문학회 2006 영미어문학 Vol.- No.80

  Ghosts, Wharton"s final collection of short fiction, establishes her as a key figure in the tradition of American Gothic stories succeeding Hawthorne, Poe, and James. Wharton uses the old ghost story genre in a new way as a device of exploring the "woman question." The Gothic becomes the ideal vehicle for Wharton"s perception, that hidden within social structures, are ugly secrets. For her, "the Gothic spirit is the utterance of the unutterable."<BR>  Among Wharton"s Ghost stories, "The Lady"s Maid"s Bell,""The House of the Dead Hand," "Kerfol," and "Mr. Jones" deal with women who are raped through language and silenced by a cruel husband or father. To ensure male supremacy, Wharton suggests, language must be kept out of the hands of women. Thus, women"s language in patriarchy is oppressed by a form of silence or mimicry without their own language. However, Wharton"s women such as Anne de Corneau, Juliana, Mrs. Brymton, and Cybilla revolt against the oppression executed by male power.<BR>  Wharton"s novels in general show that for women in a patriarchal society the real struggle is between a dependent and an independent self. In her Ghost stories, she portrays the desire of a woman persuing her independent self. To obtain an independent self, a woman"s own language is essential. Wharton criticizes patriarchy which confines a woman"s own language.