보령군 원산도 민가의 변화 특성

탁경백 한국건축역사학회 2021 한국건축역사학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2021 No.11

이명기의 회화에 그려진 천두식 가구의 유래

탁경백 한국건축역사학회 2017 한국건축역사학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2017 No.춘계

백제 사찰 조영계획 고찰

탁경백,Tahk, Kyung-Baek 한국건축역사학회 2011 건축역사연구 Vol.20 No.4

This study intends to investigate the measuring scales, locations and scales through arrangement plans for a research on construction plans. Through an analysis of the artifacts-measuring scales, the relation of two scales found, which further helped suppose the measuring scales applied during the foundation period. Southern dynasties-scale was still used even after the capital was transferred to Sabi till Tang-scale was introduced. Tang-scale was used for Buddhist temples mostly founded in the 7th century. On the other hand, Goguryo-scale seemed to be used almost at the same period as Southern dynasties-scale used, but it seemed that Goguryo-scale disappeared earlier than Southern dynasties-scale. The locations of Buddhist temples could be classified into mountains, flatlands and mountain valley. Buddhist temples founded in mountains were mostly small-sized, but ones located on flatlands could secure flat fields through mounding operations. In addition, through location conditions of Neungsa and Wangheungsa, it was possible to find out the district setting of Sabi Capital Castle. Finally, the expansion range of Buddhist temples were found to be towards the east and the west. As for the scales of temples according to such conditions of location, it was found a similarity in Temple sites. In general, it was possible to assume that the scales of Buddhist temples tended to be expanded along with spatial expansion and there were regular systems in Buddhist temples related to the Royal family. Through the analysis of arrangement plans between individual buildings, it was found that the basic arrangement of Gate-Pagoda-Main Hall-Lecture Hall was preserved, but the proportion of distances between individual buildings varied depending on cases. As a result, there were differences between scales of entire building sites, construction subjective influences and master plan for each location of a Buddhist temple.

백제 비구니 사찰尼寺에 대한 시론

탁경백 한국전통문화대학교 한국전통문화연구소 2015 한국전통문화연구 Vol.16 No.-

최근 부여를 중심으로 백제 사찰에 대한 활발한 발굴조사가 이루어지고 있다. 이 를 통해 사찰에 대한 구조, 특징 등이 확인되고 있으나, 비구 또는 비구니 사찰로 규 명할 수 있는 그 성격에 대한 규명은 아직도 어려움이 있다. 본고에서는 이중 일제 강점기부터 발굴조사가 시작되었던 동남리사지에 대해 그 성격을 밝히고 비구니가 살았던 비구니 사찰로서의 그 가능성을 제시하고자 하였다. 인도에서부터 시작된 비구니는 인도, 중국, 일본에는 기록과 유적이 남아 있어 당시 비구니 사찰의 면면을 살펴볼 수 있었다. 그러나 일본 기록에 남아 있는 백제 비구니 사찰에 대해서는 아직까지 밝혀진 바가 없다. 본고에서는 이제까지 발굴조사가 이루어진 부여의 여러 사찰에 대해 검토를 실 시하고, 동남리사지에 사용된 토적심 기술이 능사, 왕흥사지, 전(傳) 천왕사 1, 왕궁 리백제유적에서 사용되었던 기술임을 확인하였다. 상기한 유적들이 모두 백제의 국가적인 시설물임을 감안할 때 동일한 기술이 사용되었던 동남리사지도 역시 국가 적인 건축시설임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 탑이 없어도 관련 유물이 출토되는 점을 확 인하여 사찰임을 확인하였다. 이에 따라 동남리사지가 비구니 사찰로 국가적인 시설물임을 확인하고, 거리가 가깝고 동일한 축조기술이 사용된 전(傳) 천왕사 1을 니사(尼寺)와 법사사(法師寺) 로서의 가능성을 제시하였다. Active archaeological excavation and research regarding Baekje temples are being undertaken around Buyeo region in recent years. Though they confirmed structure and distinctive feature of the temples, identity related to Bhikkhuni or Bhikkhuni has not been verified. This paper clarified the identity of the Dongnamri temple, which has been under excavation research since Japanese Colonial period, and suggested its possibility as a Bhikkhuni temple. Bhikkhuni was originated from India and Bhikkhuni temples can be studied through documents and archaeological relics left in India, China, and Japan. However, little has been known about Bhikkhuni temple of Baekje dynasty written on the Japanese documents. This paper examined numbers of excavated temples in Buyeo region, then confirmed that the earth-foundation technique used on Dongnamri temple was also applied in Wangheungsa temple, the temple known as Cheonwangsa temple 1, and the Baekje relics in Wangungli. Considering that last three temples were national facilities of Baekje dynasty, Dongnamri temple also could have been a national facility. In addition, the fact that buddhist artefacts were excavated while there is no trace of a pagoda proves that it was a Bhikkhuni temple. In consequence the research has confirmed that Dongnamri temple was a Bhikkhuni temple as well as a national facility. Also, a suggestion has been made that Dongamri temple and a nearby temple sharing the same earth-founding technique, known as Cheonwangsa temple 1, were Nisa and and Beopsasa.

이옥이 본 조선 후기 완주 송광사의 가람배치와 대웅전의 구조

탁경백 한국건축역사학회 2017 건축역사연구 Vol.26 No.2

While going into troops for writing in the vignette style(小品文) in opposition to the Classical Chinese(古文), Yi Ok stopped by Songgwangsa Temple in Wanju. The things he felt during this stop were recorded in the Temple Chapter ( 寺觀) written in 1795. Therefore, the present dissertation evaluates the Songgwangsa Temple of the time based on this Temple Chapter . Data in the Temple Chapter draws attention to the fact that it records the layout of the temple in detail. Thus the study was able to confirm the change in layout by reviewing relevant records about repair. This reveals that the form of layout in general has been maintained although there were changes involving the relocation of the buildings and their names. Furthermore, the original Buddhist building was changed to a quarter for the monks. Also, in terms of layout after the 18th century, there are frequent name changes of the Myeongbujeon(冥府殿) and Nahanjeon(羅漢殿). After two repairs, in order to find the appearance of a Daeungjeon(Main Buddhist hall) with a two-storied structure of five bays at the front, the study evaluated the Geugnakjeon at Muryangsa Temple and the Daeungbojeon at Magoksa Temple. The evaluation revealed that the ‘Jeol’ used in the Temple Chapter were small pillars erected on a ridgepole just like the Geugnakjeon at Muryangsa Temple, and that the angle rafters were installed to corner bays in rectangular form. The intellectual Yi Ok left behind invaluable architectural data that reveals the Songgwangsa Temple of the 18th century.

일본 국분사 목탑의 하부구조 고찰

탁경백,Tahk, Kyung-Baek 한국건축역사학회 2010 건축역사연구 Vol.19 No.5

In the middle of the 8th century, we met the new high-rise building, the 7th storied wooden pagodas in 'Kokubunji' in Japan. I tried to analyze and study this building to show how the wooden pagoda had changed itself because of appearance of new style. The conculusions are as follows; 1. The construction of the foundation was mainly composed namely 'Panchuk'. It was proceeded by two ways. One is the earthen-digging, laying foundations named 'Gulkwangpachuk' and the other is simply laying foundation named 'Jisangpanchuk'. In that period, due to the progress of the technique, we assumed that the main stream is 'Jisangpanchuk'. 2. The elevation of base was mostly the single foundation from archaeological study. The material was stone. The middle case of pagoda had the base of tile-roofed. We knew the just one pagoda had the base of brick, but that was not main stream. 3. The new device had appeared in the central base stone. It was the stone point. But in that period the existing method, a hole style and the new style was used in the central base stone. This fact is showed that the central government was not hold the reigon(it names 'Kook') in the respect of the technique. 4. The plan scale is classified of 3 group. As a result, the first body is larger, the main-unit and the sub-unit is a equal unit. But smaller, the length of main-unit is longer than the one of sub-unit. And the very small pagoda was build in that period.

정림사지 창건시기 재고

탁경백 한국건축역사학회 2015 한국건축역사학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2015 No.추계

정림사지 창건시기 재고

탁경백,Tahk, Kyung-Baek 한국건축역사학회 2016 건축역사연구 Vol.25 No.4

It was believed that Jeongnimsa temple was built after the capital was moved from Gongju to Buyeo. It was confirmed that it was built A.D. $625{\pm}20$ by conducting a paleomagnetic analysis on the fireplace, which was recently found at the bottom of Jungmunji(middle gate). Consequently, it is assumed that the temple was built in the early 7th century unlike the previous point of view. Therefore, this study evaluated if the fireplace at the bottom of Jungmunji was found at the geological stratum representing the Jeongnimsa temple. Moreover, the study examined when the fireplace at the bottom of Jungmunji was constructed on the soil stratum. It is possible that the fireplace was built in the early 7th century as shown in the paleomagnetic analysis. However, when we compared the soil strata of the Jungmunji and the existing five-story stone pagoda, it showed that the ground was prepared differently and they were built over a fairly long period of time. Furthermore, I discovered that there was a wooden pagoda under the five-story stone pagoda by examining the soil strata map. Therefore, previous studies evaluated the arrangement of auxiliary buildings of Jeongnimsa temple and concluded that it was built in the early 7th century. It is hard to determine when the temple was built based on the arrangement of auxiliary buildings, because it takes a long time to build a temple and auxiliary buildings can be relocated during this long construction period. Rather, we have to admit that there are various arrangement patterns through minor changes in buildings from the one pagoda and one main building(Geumdang) arrangement.

거문도 전통민가의 특성 검토

탁경백 한국건축역사학회 2023 한국건축역사학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2023 No.11

한국 고대목탑 낙수받이 고찰

탁경백 국립문화재연구원 2009 헤리티지:역사와 과학 Vol.42 No.2

목탑의 기단부는 기단토와 이를 둘러싸는 외장, 계단, 그리고 기타 시설물로 구성되며 각각의 구성 요소들은 만들어진 시기, 장소, 조영세력에 따라 그 외형을 달리하고 있다. 그러나 현재까지 발굴조사를 실시한 백제, 신라~통일신라의 목탑지 에서는 고구려의 목탑지에서 확인된 물받이시설, 중국 건축물의 산수(散水), 일본 목탑지에서 확인된 이누바시리(犬走り)가 확인되지 않았다. 일반적으로 지붕에서 떨어지는 우수로부터 기단부를 보호하기 위해 서까래는 기단선 이상으로 내밀어져야 하며 이 때 떨어지는 낙수 등을 처리하기 위해서는 상기한 시설들이 설치되었던 것으로 판단된다. 본 고에서는 이 시설을 낙수받이로 명명하였다. 기 발굴조사된 5~7세기의 한국, 중국, 일본 목탑지 검토를 통해 6세기에 조영된 백제 목탑지와 7세기에 조영 된 신라~통일신라 목탑지에서 낙수받이를 확인할 수 있었다. 백제의 경우 6세기에 조영된 군수리사지, 능산리사지, 왕흥사지 목탑지에서 낙수받이가 설치되었으며, 특히 왕흥사지 목탑지의 경우 기단토의 굴광 범위가 당초 백제시대의 기단으로 보이는 부분까지 실시되어 일본 초기 목탑지에서 확인된 경우와 유사하다. 목탑지 조영에는 고려척이 사용되었고 서까래내밀기를 검토하기 위해 평면을 복원한 결과 기단부 길이: 일층탑신 길이:어칸:퇴간의 비례는 군수리사지와 왕흥사지 목탑지가 4.9:2.7:1:0.9로 동일하게 나타났으며 왕흥사지 목 탑지에서는 다소 차이가 있으나 군수리사지 목탑지와 왕흥사지 목탑지의 주망관계는 어칸 2.49m, 퇴칸 2.14m로 동일하 게 나타나 당시 목탑 조영에 있어서 일정한 척도 적용 및 계획이 있었던 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 7세기에 들어서면서 용 정리사지, 제석사지, 미륵사지 등 전사기는 다른 대형 기단부를 가진 목탑지가 출현하면서 더 이상 낙수받이가 설치되지 않았던 것으로 판단된다. 신라~통일신라 목탑지의 경우 영묘사지, 황룡사지, 사천왕사지 목탑지에서 낙수받이가 설치되었을 것으로 판단하였 다. 영묘사지 목탑지의 경우 폭 1.8m 할석렬이, 황룡사지 목탑지는 제2탑구석의 범위가, 사천왕사지 목탑지에서는 하층기 단 지대석의 설치 형상이 능산리사지 목탑지와 유사함을 검토하여 낙수받이임을 확인하였다. 신라~통일신라 목탑지는 그 조영 자체가 7세기에 들어오면서 시작되어 초기에는 비교적 목탑의 구성요소를 충실히 표현하였지만 사천왕사지 목탑지 조영 시점을 경계로 이러한 낙수받이는 더 이상 확인되지 않는다. The foundations of ancient wooden pagoda consist of the stylobate soil, exteriors, stairways and etc. The factors were different according to the time, region and the architects. As a result of many archaeological researches, we have the data of horizontal gutters as a part of the foundations of ancient wooden pagodas in Gogureyo, China, Japan. But so far archaeological researches have not revealed such data in Baekje and Silla~Unified Silla period wooden pagodas. In genarally, the eaves must protrude as much as the outer line of the foundation to protect its upper side from rain. The purpose of the aforementioned horizontal gutter was to protect the foundations of ancient wooden pagodas. In this article, we call this horizontal gutter the Naksubaji. After researching many archaeological findings of ancient wooden pagodas of China, Korea and Japan from 5th century to 7th century, it is suggested that the Naksubaji was installed to wooden pagodas of Baekje period in 6th century and Silla~Unified Silla periods in 7th century. In wooden pagodas of Baekje period in 6th century, Naksubajis were found in wooden pagodas of Gunsurisaji temple site, Neungsanrisaji temple site, Wangheungsaji temple site. Especially in case of the Wangheungsaji temple site, presumed line to make stylobate of wooden pagoda in Baekje period was confirmed by archaeological research and this case is similar to the early period wooden pagodas in Japan. Goryeocheok(ruler used in the Three Kingdoms) was used to construct wooden pagodas. According to the restoration plan of wooden pagodas to verify the protrusion of eaves, the ratio of the length of the foundation:the length of 1st storied building:the length of the center:the length of the corner was 4.9:2.7:1:0.9 between Gunsurisaji temple site pagoda and Wangheungsaji temple site pagoda . Also I found tne same length of tne 1st storied building between Gunsurisaji temple site pagoda and Wangheungsaji temple site pagoda. Therefore the exact scales and planning were adapted to the establishment of wooden pagodas in 6th century in Baekje period. But the Naksubaji was not producted after 6th century in Baekje period. Because the big wooden pagoda had been appeared, they were needed other style of the foundation. In wooden pagodas which were made in Silla~Unified Silla periods in 7th century, I found the Naksubaji in wooden pagodas in Youngmyosajl temple site, Hwangnyongsaji temple site, Sacheonwangsa temple site. The line of stone in Youngmyosajl temple site, the 2nd line expressed the area of pagoda, the relative analysis of the lower foundation between Neungsanrisaji temple site pagoda and Sacheonwangsa temple site pagoda were examined the Naksubaji. In Silla~Unified Silla periods, the establishment of wooden pagodas was started at 7th century. So they had the exactly details of wooden pagoda, but we had no data of the Naksubaji after the time made Sacheonwangsa temple site