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Cho, Keum-Shil,Shin, Jin-Sup,Kim, Jung-Hyun 한국공업화학회 2004 응용화학 Vol.8 No.1
The chemical polymerization of aniline was carried out in methylene chloride/water media by use of benzoyl peroxide as an oxidant. To obtain PANI emulsion, PANIs nanoparticles has been prepared in aqueous solution by chemical oxidation using emulsification diffusion method. This method enable to obtain effect of the size reduction. The particle size varied with the ratio of methylene chloride/water and the average size of PANI particle determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) was 40-50㎚ and the green colored colloidal emulsion have a long-term colloidal stability and exist as stable emulsion without any precipitation.
류근영,조금실,김원기,Hua Zi Piao 한국뇌신경과학회 2012 Experimental Neurobiology Vol.21 No.4
Microglia are recognized as residential macrophageal cells in the brain. Activated microglia play a critical role in removal of dead or damaged cells through phagocytosis activity. During phagocytosis, however, microglia should survive under the harmful condition of self-producing ROS and pro-inflammatory mediators. TGF-β has been known as a classic anti-inflammatory cytokine and controls both initiation and resolution of inflammation by counter-acting inflammatory cytokines. In the present study, to understand the self-protective mechanism, we studied time-dependent change of TNF-α and TGF-β production in microglia phagocytizing opsonized-beads (i.e., polystyrene microspheres). We found that microglia phagocytized opsonized-bead in a time-dependent manner and simultaneously produced both TNF-α and TGF-β. However, while TNF-α production gradually decreased after 6 h, TGF-β production remained at increased level. Microglial cells pre-treated with lipopolysaccharides (a strong immunostimulant, LPS) synergistically increased the production of TNF-α and TGF-β both. However, LPS-pretreated microglia produced TNF-α in a more sustained manner and became more vulnerable, probably due to the marked and sustained production of TNF-α and reduced TGF-β. Intracellular oxidative stress appears to change in parallel with the microglial production of TNF-α. These results indicate TGF-β contributes for the survival of phagocytizing microglia through autocrine suppression of TNF-α production and oxidative stress.